3. What is machine learning?
A branch of artificial intelligence,
concerned with the design and development
of algorithms that allow computers to evolve
behaviors based on empirical data.
As intelligence requires knowledge, it is
necessary for the computers to acquire
knowledge.
Definition of Machine learning:
Machine learning focuses on the
development of computer programs that can
access data and use it learn for themselves.
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4. History of Machine Learning
• 1950s
– Samuel’s checker player
– Selfridge’s Pandemonium
• 1960s:
– Neural networks: Perceptron
– Pattern recognition
– Learning in the limit theory
– Minsky and Papert prove limitations of Perceptron
• 1970s:
– Symbolic concept induction
– Winston’s arch learner
– Expert systems and the knowledge acquisition
bottleneck
– Quinlan’s ID3
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5. History of Machine Learning (cont.)
• 1980s:
– Advanced decision tree and rule learning
– Explanation-based Learning (EBL)
– Learning and planning and problem solving
– Utility problem
– Analogy
– Cognitive architectures
– Resurgence of neural networks (connectionism,
backpropagation)
– Valiant’s Learning Theory
– Focus on experimental methodology
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6. 1990s:
-Data mining
-Adaptive software agents and web applications
-Text learning
-Reinforcement learning (RL)
-Inductive Logic Programming (ILP)
-Ensembles: Bagging, Boosting, and Stacking
-Bayes Net learning
History of Machine Learning (cont.)
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7. History of Machine Learning (cont.)
• 2000s
– Support vector machines
– Kernel methods
– Graphical models
– Statistical relational learning
– Transfer learning
– Sequence labeling
– Collective classification and structured outputs
– Computer Systems Applications
• Compilers
• Debugging
• Graphics
• Security (intrusion, virus, and worm detection)
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9. Types of Learning
• Supervised (inductive) learning
– Training data includes desired outputs
• Unsupervised learning
– Training data does not include desired outputs
• Semi-supervised learning
– Training data includes a few desired outputs
• Reinforcement learning
– Rewards from sequence of actions
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10. Many online software packages & datasets
• onlineData sets
• UC Respirtory
• http://www.kdnuggets.com/datasets/index.html
• Software (much related to data mining)
• JMIR Open Source
• Weka
• Shogun
• RapidMiner
• ODM
• Orange
• CMU
• Several researchers put their software online
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11. Training and testing
Training set
(observed)
Universal
set
(unobserved)
Testing set
(unobserved)
Data acquisition Practical usage
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12. 12
Learning (training): Learn a model using the training data
Testing: Test the model using unseen test data to assess the
model accuracy
Training and testing
14. The success of machine learning system also depends on the
algorithms.
The algorithms control the search to find and build the
knowledge structures.
The learning algorithms should extract useful information
from training examples.
Algorithms
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19. Issues in Machine Learning
• Problem representation / feature extraction
• Intention/independent learning
• Integrating learning with systems
• What are the theoretical limits of learnability
• Transfer learning
• Continuous learning
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21. Working Applications of ML
• Electrical power control
• Chemical process control
• Character recognition
• Face recognition
• DNA classification
• Credit card fraud detection
• Cancer cell detection
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22. Current Machine Learning Research
• Representation
– data sequences
– spatial/temporal data
– probabilistic relational models
– …
• Approaches
– ensemble methods
– cost-sensitive learning
– active learning
– semi-supervised learning
– collective classification
– …
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23. We have a simple overview of some techniques and
algorithms in machine learning. Furthermore, there are more and
more techniques apply machine learning as a solution. In the
future, machine learning will play an important role in our daily
life.
Conclusion
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24. [1] W. L. Chao, J. J. Ding, “Integrated Machine
Learning Algorithms for Human Age
Estimation”, NTU, 2011.
Reference
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