a brief decription about malaria its cause, prevention and treatment

2. • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious
disease of humans and other animals.
• Its a disease of the blood that is caused by the
Plasmodium parasite
• Transmitted from person
to person by a particular type of mosquito.

3. • The term malaria originates
from Medieval Italian: mala aria — "bad air";
• in 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran made a
scientific studies and observed parasites inside
the red blood cells.
• In April 1894, a Scottish physician Sir Ronald Ross
proved that the mosquito was the vector for
malaria in humans.
• He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary
glands of mosquitoes.

4. • Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed
from one human to another by the bite of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
• Malaria parasites belong to the
genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa).
• malaria is caused by P. falciparum
(75%), P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax(20%) and
P. knowlesi.

6. • Malaria is usually diagnosed by the
microscopic examination of blood films or
by antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT).
• Confirmed by low number of platelets in the
blood, and higher-than-normal levels of
bilirubin in the blood combined with a normal
level of white blood cells.

7. • Malaria is treated with oral chloroquine
except malaria caused by P. falciparum.
• Malaria caused by P. falciparum requires
treatment with oral quinine, given
concurrently with pyrimethamine with
sulfodoxine and a sulfonamide, such as
sulfadiazine.
• For the hepatic stage of disease: primaquine
phosphate, given daily for 14 days.

8. • Artemether is a potent and quick acting
antimalarial agent, used for treating
chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria,
including cerebral malaria.
• Proguanil is an antiprotozoal and antimalarial,
prescribed for prevention of malaria,
treatment of malaria. It prevents the
development of malaria parasites.

9. • 4 aminoquinolines:
– Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Amodiaquine,
Pyronaridine
• 8 aminoquinolines:
– Primaquine, Tafenoquine, Bulaquine
• Cinchona alkaloids:
– Quinine, Quinidine
• Quinoline methanol:
– Mefloquine
• Biguanides
– Proguanil, Chlorproguanil

10. • Diaminopyrimidines
– Pyrimethamine
• Sulfonamides
– Sulfadoxine, dapsone
• Tetracyclines:
– tetracycline, doxycycline
• Naphthoquinone:
– Atovaquone
• Sesquiterpene lactones:
– Artesunate, artemether, arteether

11.  There is an ABCD for prevention of malaria.
This is:
Awareness of risk of malaria.
Bite prevention.
Antimalarial medication - Chemoprophylaxis
(taking antimalarial medication exactly as
prescribed).
Prompt Diagnosis and treatment.

14. Thank you