1. Chapter One Meghan Preissing Sped 413/513 MSUM January 14, 2011

2. Foundations of Special Education The Law Public Law 94-142, IDEA, NCLB, Section 504, and ADA Research Evidence-based instruction practices Teachers The individuals responsible for the learning environment of the students Parents The parents of students serviced in special education play a vital role in education decisions for their child. Students Individuals with disabilities rights

3. Public Law 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act (EAHCA) Required states to provide student’s with disabilities a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) This act also provided funding to the states to expand and improve their special education programs This was passed in 1975

4. IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is the new name for PL 94- 142 IDEA includes many regulations for states that PL 94-142 did not Important elements of IDEA Students must be educated in the Least Restrictive Environment(LRE) LRE – giving special Ed. students as much exposure to the general classroom and general curriculum appropriate for their individual needs Requires schools to develop individual education plans (IEP) for special education students Established procedural safeguards to protect the rights of parents and students

5. IDEA 2004 IDEA 2004 is the most recent authorization of IDEA IDEA 2004 emphasizes Student and teacher accountability the use of Response to Intervention Greater inclusion of students with disabilities into the general education classroom

6. NCLB No Child Left Behind Act passed in 2001 Changed general and special education Increased accountability by testing students to ensure they were meeting statewide standards in reading and math Allows parents and students to choose different schools if their current school is not meeting annual yearly progress Required higher qualifications of teachers Gave schools greater flexibility in the use of education funds Put greater emphasis on reading by increasing the use of research based instruction

7. NCLB and IDEA NCLB and IDEA (2004) were both created to increase the success of schools in America These changes resulted in a standards based education system Teachers and school districts teaching to ensure all children reach content standards and performance standards

8. IDEA and NCLB These two laws also changed education by emphasizing the following Inclusion Response to Intervention Multi tiered instruction Universal Design for Learning Differentiated Instruction Evidence –Based Practice Diversity Empowerment

9. Inclusion “Inclusion does not refer to a physical space; it refers to a condition or state of being.” (Polloway, Patton, & Serna, 2008). Inclusion is a right of students with disabilities Students with disabilities are given the opportunity to feel like they belong to a group Individuals with disabilities are given access to general classroom, school activities, and respect by their peers

10. Response to Intervention (RTI)and Multi tiered instruction Students are taught using research based instruction This instruction is set up into three tiers Tier one - High quality core instruction Tier two – High quality targeted supplemental instruction Tier three – High quality intensive instruction Learners are identified as learning disabled after they have responded unsuccessfully to multiple instruction interventions (RTI)

11. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) UDL is used so students with different needs can all learn, be challenged, and feel success while being taught together Activities and assessments are flexible to meet the needs of the students and their individual goals Accommodations and modifications are established prior to lesson implementation so many students can learn simultaneously

12. Differentiated Instruction UDL and differentiated instruction when used together have the potential to make learning a positive experience for a variety of students Differentiated instruction involves making the challenge appropriate for students of different abilities Differentiated instruction also involves teaching using different types of instruction designed for different types of intelligences

13. Evidence – based practice Researchers and teachers coming together to create repeatable educational methods Research and education have not always aligned because of different perspectives but, now there is more emphasis on the importance of them intertwining Teachers who use proven instructional methods increase the success of their students Researchers who design tests to meet the needs of teachers and students increase the success of students

14. Diversity and Empowerment Educators must be aware of the diverse needs of their students Students are diverse in many ways Behavior Culture Race Setting Economic status Sexual orientation Intellect Development Physical ability Teachers must empower their students by raising their confidence and determination Teachers can empower students by teaching them these skills Decision making Problem solving Independent living Goal setting Self-understanding Leadership Self-advocacy Locus of control

15. ADA and Section 504 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 are two civil rights acts that protect students with disabilities as well These acts ensure that those with disabilities have access to public buildings and programs that receive federal funding Students who do not qualify for special education services under IDEA may receive assistance through Section 504

16. Special Education Parents, teachers, and students come together to provide proper instruction and tools to give students with disabilities a meaningful life as independent as possible