Substance abuse refers to the maladaptive use of substances like alcohol, drugs, and chemicals. It can lead to addiction and dependence where the body develops a tolerance and needs more to achieve the same effects. Substance abuse disorders include alcohol dependence, opioid use, cannabis use, cocaine use, and abuse of volatile solvents. The causes of substance abuse are biological like genetics, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, and social influences including peer pressure. Treatment involves medical management of withdrawal symptoms, detoxification, and maintenance therapy as well as prevention efforts.

2. Substance abuse
 INTRODUCTION
substance use refer to condition arising from the
abuse of alcohol, psychoactive drugs and other
chemicals such as volatile solvents.
SUBSTANCE
SUBSTANCE is used in reference to any
drugs, medication or toxic that shares the
potential for abuse.

3. ADDICTION
Addiction is a physiologic and psychologic
dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse.
ABUSE
It refer to maladaptive pattern of substance use that
impairs health in a broad sense.

4. DEPENDENCE
 It refer to certain physiological and psychological
phenomena induced by the repeated taking of a
substance.
TOLERANCE
It is state in which after repeated administration, a
drug produce decreased effect, or increasing doses
are required to produce the same effect.

5. DEFINITION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
 ACCORDING TO R SREEVANI
 ‘’Maladaptive recurring use of a substance
accompanied by repeated detrimental effect as a
result of continued use’’
 ACCORDING TO DSIM 2000
 Substance abuse is define as excessive maladaptive
pattern use of any substance like alcohol, drugs.

6. TYPES OF SUBTANCE ABUSE
Alcohol dependence.
Opioids.
Cannabies.
Sedative and hypnotics.
Cocaine.
Caffeine and other stimulants.
Hallucinogen.
Volatile solvant.
Anaesthetics.

7. ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
SYNDROME
 Alcoholism refers to the use of alcoholic beverages to
the point of causing damage to the individual, society
or both.
 According to this report, around 30% of total
population of India consumed alcohol in the year 2010.

8. OPIOID USE DISORDER
The commonly abused opioids (narcotics) in our
country are heroin (brown sugar) and synthetic
preparation like pethidine. The drugs that are injected
through needle are heroin.

9. CANNABIS USE DISORDER
Cannabis is derived from the plant cannabissative,
which grows in the wild all around the world. It is used
in various form such as
o Bhang
o Ganja

10. COCAINE USE DISORDER
Common street name is ‘crack’ it can be administered
orally, intranasally by smoking or prenterally.
BARBITURATES
These are sedatives and are used for the sedation of
aggevated patients to relief pain.

11. VOLATILE SOLVENTS
These are central nervous system depressants, c ether,
common used solvents are spirit, petrol, chloroform,
ether, nitrous oxide, thinner and cleaning fluids. They
may cause initial euphoria and is followed by
confusion, disorientation, ataxia, delusion and
hallucinations. High concentration may cause
convulsion, coma and death.

12. INCIDENCE RATE
Women who use any kind of tobacco (6.8%)
Men who use any kind of tobacco(44.5%)
Women who consume alcohol(1.2%)
Men who consume alcohol(29.2)

13. CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
A. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR
C. SOCIAL FACTOR

14. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
i. GENETIC FACTOR= Family history of
substance use disorder.
ii. BIOCHEMICAL FACTOR= for example
role of dopamine and non epinephrine have been
implicated in cocaine, ethanol and opioids
dependence

15. B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR
i. Sense of inferiority.
ii. Poor impulse control.
iii. Low self esteem.
iv. Desire of escape from reality.
v. Pleasure seeking.
vi. Sexual immaturity.

16. C. SOCIAL FACTOR
i. Religious reasons.
ii. Peer pressure.
iii. Urbanization.
iv. Unemployment.
v. Over crowding.
vi. Poor social support.

17. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Cannabis is used in several ways.
Orally as
a, milk based drink called thandai in commonly use in north india
b, Sweet.
Smoking as
a ,in cigratte
b, clay pipes
c, water pipes
.

18. CLINICAL FEATURE
i. Alcohol- Malaise.
Dyspepsia.
Depression.
Increase incidence of infection.
Deniar of problem.
Anger.

19.  OPIOID- Apathy. Bradycardia.
Hypotension.
Subnormal temperature.
Insomnia.
AMPHETAMINE- Cardiac failure.
panic.
insomnia.
paranoid hallunatory syndrome.

20.  COCAINE- pupillary dilatation.
trachycardia.
sweating.
nausea.
hypertension.
anorexia.
seizure.

21. ALLUCINOGHEN- derealization.
illusion.
automatic hyperactivity.
impairement of judgement.
depersonalization.
marked anxiety.

22. TREATMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
DELIRIUM TREMENS
TREATING SEIZURE.
TREATMENT OF OPIOIDS.
MAINTENANCDETOXIFIXCATION
TREATING E OF THERAPY.

23. PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
PRIMARY PREVENTION.
SECONDARY PREVENTION.
TERTIARY PREVENTION.

24. COMPLICATION
A. CARDIOPULMONARY COMPLICARTION
arrythmias
cardiomyopathy.
pneumonia.
Increase risk of tuberculosis.
B. GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATION
chronic diarrhea.
esophagitis.
gastric ulcer.

25. C. HEPATIC COMPLICATION
alcoholic hepatitis.
cirrosis of liver.
fatty liver.
D. PSYCHIATRIC COMPLICATION
Depression.
Suicide.
Multiple substance abuse.