A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)

1. TILE ROOFING
Group members
ARBANIABUD MAWTOH BA13ARC008
PANTHAM NAVANEETH BA13ARCO34
SHREYA SABLE BA13ARC041
SACHI DONGARWAR BA13ARC042
PRATIBHA PATIL BA13ARCO37
PRASAD THANTHARATEY BA13ARC049
YOGESH KUMAR BA13ARC056

2. WHAT IS ROOFING???
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the
building and its contents from the effects of weather.
 Roof protects primarily against rain , heat, sunlight, cold, snow and wind.
 It is the part primarily responsible both for indoor comfort and for damage
suffered during earthquakes and hurricanes.
A well-designed durable roof can compensate for a great number of problems
that may arise in other parts of the building.

4. COMMON ROOF TYPES
FLAT ROOFS
SLOPING ROOFS
CURVED ROOFS

6. Roofing Materials & Options
•Asphalt Composition Shingles
•Clay Tile
•Concrete Tile
•Metal
•Slate
•Synthetic Slate (Rubber Composite)
•Wood Shingle/Shake
•Thatch Roofing
•Tar and Gravel (Built-Up Roofing or BUR)
•Modified Bitumen (A Hybrid Built-Up Roof)

7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF
ROOFING MATERIAL
• TYPE OF BUILDING
• TYPE OF FRAMEWORK
• INITIAL COST
• MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
• FABRICATION FACILITIES
• APPEARANCE AND SPECIAL FEATURES OF LOCALITY
• AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
• CLIMATE OF LOCALITY

8. THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF THE ROOFING
TILES ARE:
1. They should not absorb moisture more than 20 per cent by weight.
2. They should give pleasing look.
3. They should be capable of taking load of a man safely, after they are
supported on reapers.
4. They should be durable.
5. They should be uniform in shape and size.

9. MAINTENANCE
• BURNT CLAY TILES REQUIRES INSPECTIONS AT LEAST
TWICE A YEAR SO AS TO LAST FOR FURTHER YEARS.
• THEY OFTEN DEVELOP CRACKS WITH YEARS.
• A CRACKED TILE NEEDS TO BE REPLACED OR
REPAIRED IN PLACE.
• MIX UP A SMALL AMOUNT OF MORTAR AND CAREFULLY
FILL IN THE CRACK. BE SURE TO WET THE TILE WITH
PLENTY OF WATER TO HELP THE MORTAR SET UP
PROPERLY.
• TILES WILL BE SLIPPERY WHEN WET.

10. A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally
used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can
sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool,
typically used for wall and ceiling applications. The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in
turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to
complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for
roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite
materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls
than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.
What is a tile?!

11. BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING

12. Clay roof tiles are one of the oldest types of roofing materials,
dating back hundreds of years. They are made from natural
clay that is baked to remove excess moisture, and they may be
glazed or unglazed.
BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING
Why Clay?...
Clay is one of the most common materials used for roof tiles
because of its value for money as well as efficiency; clay tiles
also have a long lifespan even when exposed to harsh weather
conditions

13. ROOF TILES:
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made
from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern
materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles
have a waterproof glaze. A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof
tiles have evolved. These include:
• Flat tiles – the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping
rows. An example of this is the clay-made "beaver-tail" tile
(German Biberschwanz), common in Southern Germany. Flat roof tiles
are usually made of clay but also may be made of stone, wood, plastic,
concrete, or solar cells.

14. • Imbrex and Tegula – Were overlapping roof tiles used
in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof
and durable roof coverings. They were predominantly made
of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt. In
Rome they replaced shingles, and were used on almost
every type of structure from humble outbuildings to grand
temples and
• The tegula was a plain flat tile or flat tile with raised edges,
which was laid upon the roof, while the imbrex was a
semicircular roofing tile, like a half pipe, laid over the joints
between the tegulae.
• When well made and properly imbricated(overlapped)
there was little need for further waterproofing or sealants.

15. • Pantiles – with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent
tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern resembling
a ploughed field. An example of this is the "double Roman"
tile, dating from the late 19th century in England and USA.
• It is singe lap, meaning that the end of the tile laps only the
course immediately below. Flat tiles normally lap two
courses.
• These are considerably light weight.
Roman tiles – flat in the middle, with
a concave curve at one end at a convex curve
at the other, to allow interlocking.

16. • Mission or barrel tiles – semi-
cylindrical tiles laid in alternating columns of
convex and concave tiles. Originally they were
made by forming clay around a curved surface,
often a log or the maker's thigh. Today barrel tiles
are mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or
plastic.
• Interlocking roof tiles – similar to pantiles
with side and top locking to improve protection
from water and wind.
• Antefixes – vertical blocks which terminate the
covering tiles of a tiled roof.

17. MANGALORE TILES
• These are type of tile native to the city of Mangalore, India . These are prepared from hard
laterite clay and were only tiles recommended for government buildings in India under British
raj.
• They provide excellent ventilation especially during summer and aesthetically as well . These
tiles are not only eco-friendly but also cheap, durable and costs only one-third that of cement .
these tiles are suited for regions experiencing heavy rainfall as water drains easily and fast.
• These are placed at 45 degrees slant and get their robust red colour due to high proportion of
iron in the clay.

18. •Guna tiles : these are hallow tapered burnt clay tiles. These are conical in shape
with a base diameter of 100mm at the broader end and 75mm at the narrower
end. The thickness of the annular ring is 6mm. These are found in the vaulted
roofing of Auroville residences, Pondicherry.
•Pan tiles : these tiles are short and heavy . they are less curved in section than
pot tiles . such tiles are moulded flat first and then they are given the required
curvature by moulding in suitable forms . the drying and burning of tiles are done
carefully to get better quality of tiles.
•Pot tiles : these are ordinary half round country tiles and they are also known as
the locking tiles . The polishing of inner and outer surfaces is done either with a
wet cloth or a wetted strip of leather.

19. GUNA TUBE ROOFING
• ROOFING WITH GUNA TUBES IS A VARIATION OF THE VAULT AND IS ACHIEVED BY SUBSTITUTING THE STANDARD
MATERIAL USED TO EXECUTE THE CURVE, INSTEAD OF VOUSSOIR TYPE MASONRY. THIS METHOD IS UNIQUE SINCE AN
ELEMENT CALLED ‘GUNA TUBE’ IS USED WHICH CONSISTS OF TAPERING CONICAL, BURNT CLAY PIPES ADAPTING THEM
TO COME TOGETHER, SOCKET INTO ONE ANOTHER AND STACKED IN A CURVED FORM ALONG THE CENTERING
FORMWORK.
• A SERIES OF SUCH ARCHES MAKE A BARREL VAULT CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING CONSIDERABLE LOADS. THE TOP OF THE
ROOF IS GIVEN A PLASTER FINISH.
• AFTER JOINTS ARE FILLED AND TOPPED WITH PLASTER, THE ROOF BECOMES RIGID AND WATERPROOF, DOING TOTALLY
WITHOUT STEEL OR TIMBER.
• AIR INSIDE THE HOLLOW-TILED ROOF PROTECTS FROM HEAT AND COLD. IT IS FABRICATED AND READY FOR USE WITHIN
THREE DAYS AND REQUIRES NO MAINTENANCE HAVING A LIFE SPAN OF MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS. BEING LIGHT IN
WEIGHT THIS VARIATION OF THE VAULT ROOF IS SAFE EVEN IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS.
•

20. • DUE TO ALL THESE ADVANTAGES, THIS METHOD HAS
BEEN USED, BY VARIOUS ARCHITECTS IN THE
AUROVILLE EXPERIMENT. THIS TYPE IS ALSO CALLED
THE ‘WARDHA ROOF’ INCORPORATING A CATENARY
ARCH PROFILE, OBTAINED VIA SUSPENSION DUE TO
GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT
THAN A CIRCLE SEGMENT.
Examples from AUROVILLE

22. INNOVATIVE ROOFING TILES

23. ELEMENTS OF CLAY TILE ROOFING

24. P R O C E S S O F
M A N U F A C T U R E

26. MOULDING PROCESS

27. DRYING OF HANDMADE CLAY TILES

28. PACAKAGING OF TILES

29. YARD STACKING OF
TILES

30. BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING
Special properties Durable, waterproof cladding for sloped roofs
Economical aspects Low to medium costs
Stability Good
Skills required Skilled labour
Equipment required Clay tile production unit, roof construction equipment
Resistance to earthquake Low
Resistance to hurricane Medium to good
Resistance to rain Very good
Climate suitability All climates: but most commonly in humid areas
Resistance to insects Very good

31. WHY CHOOSE CLAY ROOF TILES???
Insulating Properties
The ability of clay to insulate, keeping inside temperatures
warm in winter and cool in summer. Combined with a natural
ability to reflect, instead of absorb, heat from the sun, clay tiles
can reduce the energy required to maintain comfortable
temperatures in your home.
Superior Durability
Clay roof tiles are fire-proof, as well as being impervious to the
kinds of rot, mold, and water damage that can destroy other
roofing materials. They are insect-proof and, depending on the
specific tile you select, are resistant to damage from freezing
and thawing.

32. Weather Resistance
Weather resistance of clay roofing depends partly on the
structure itself. Factors like the pitch of the roof determine how
well the tiles perform in rain, snow, and ice.

33. FUNCTIONS
• Clay tiles serve both an aesthetic and functional purpose.
• They can be used to complement many different styles of
architecture but are also very effective at protecting the home
from exterior elements.
• The natural air space under these tiles also helps keep the home
cool, even in the warmest climates.
COLOUR
The overwhelming case for plain clay tiles rests upon aesthetics.
The wide range of natural burnt colours from Red to Brown to Blue
can be imitated but never reproduced with artificial colouring. The
permanence of artifical colours is not guaranteed.

34. HERITAGE
CLAY ROOF TILES FORM AN IMPORTANT PART
OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE. PLANNERS
AND ARCHITECTS KEEN TO PRESERVE
REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS THROUGH THE
CLAY ROOF TILES. VERSATILITY
THE SMALL SIZE OF PLAIN CLAY TILES
PROVIDES THE VERSATILITY FOR THE
ARCHITECT TO DESIGN ROOFSCAPES OF
INFINITE INTERESTS. LARGE FORMAT ROOF
TILES SIMPLY DO NOT OFFER THIS FLEXIBILITY.
SUSTAINABILITY
PLAIN CLAY TILES ARE A SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCT, THE LONGEVITY OF CLAY MEANS
THAT THE ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS USED
IN THEIR PRODUCTION ARE OFFSET OVER THE
WHOLE LIFE OF THE ROOF, WHICH IN THE CASE
OF MOST CLAY TILE ROOFS IS OVER 100 YEARS.

35. INSTALLATION
•Clay tiles require a reinforced framing and sheathing system to support their added weight.
•They also require an enhanced waterproofing membrane to keep water away from the roof structure.
•Most clay tiles are fastened to wooden strips known as battens rather than directly to the roof deck.
•Clay tile is not necessarily designed to repel water by itself; instead, it protects the underlayment or membrane from
sunlight and weather damage so that this membrane can catch and repel excess water.

36. Roof tiles are 'hung' from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails. The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with
each row overlapping the row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row below. There are also
roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley
tiles. These can either be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed.
Similarly to roof tiling, tiling has been used to provide a protective weather envelope to the sides of timber frame
buildings. These are hung on laths nailed to wall timbers, with tiles specially moulded to cover corners and jambs. Often
these tiles are shaped at the exposed end to give a decorative effect. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical
tile, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was
developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century.[1]
Slate roof tiles were traditional in some areas near sources of supply, and gave thin and light tiles when the slate was split
into its natural layers. It is no longer a cheap material, however, and is now less common.

38. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
• Highly resistant to weather
• Superior strength and durability
than all other roof coverings
• High resistance to these
naturally damaging weather
types
• Fire-resistant as well as resistant
to harsh chemicals and
extremes of hot or cold weather
Disadvantages
• Fairly expensive compared with
many other roofing materials
• Difficult to install, require
professional installation by a
contractor.
• Most types of clay roof tiles are
also relatively heavy and may
require a reinforced or
enhanced roofing system to
support their weight.

39. What are the primary differences between Concrete and Clay tiles?
1. Water Absorption
Concrete roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 13%, while clay roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 6
%. Consequently, this higher rate of water absorption leads to the development of mildew and stains on concrete tiles.
Absorbed water also increases the already heavy weight of a concrete tile, and puts increases pressure on the roof
structure. These issues are very minimal in clay tiles due to their low water absorption rate.
2. Weight
Concrete tiles weigh almost 40% more than clay tiles. Concrete tiles can weigh anywhere from 820 to 1.100 pounds per
square depending on the style, while most clay roofing tiles weigh only 600 – 650 pounds per square. As a result, it is
more difficult for the roof structure to adequately support the heavier weight of concrete tiles vs. clay tiles. In some
cases, concrete tiles are not recommended for use on buildings, unless the roof framing is reinforced to support the
added weight.
Propensity to crack and shatter

40. In colder climates, clay tiles have the tendency to crack or shatter due to freezing and thawing cycles. As a result, clay tiles
are mostly found in warmer climates. Conversely, concrete tiles are not as susceptible to damage due to freezing
temperatures, and therefore can be used in almost any climate.
3. Maintenance
Heavier weight, higher rate of water absorption and formation of mildew makes concrete tiles a lot more challenging to
maintain than clay tiles, which are almost free of these issues. For example, on ceramic finishes in Matte and Glazed clay
tiles, absorption and mildew rates are almost non existent. This means that a clay roof would be practically maintenance
free.
4. Color Longevity and Appearance
Since clay is a naturally occurring material, clay tiles maintain their original color for years despite being subjected to
weather conditions. The ceramic finishes offered by many clay roof tile manufacturers, are baked in high temperatures of
around 2000 degrees, creating a non-porous finish that will virtually last forever. On the other hand, the color-thru
technology used in concrete tiles is not as effective in maintaining the original bright tile color, and concrete tiles are
known to fade over time. Due to its porous nature, concrete tiles are also more prone to stains than clay tiles.

41. 5. Durability
While both concrete and clay tiles outperform most other roofing materials in durability, at the end of the day clay is
a more durable material than concrete. Concrete tiles may last between 30 to 50 years, while clay tiles may well last
over 100 years. You can still see beautiful clay roofs on many buildings in Europe, which have been there for
centuries.
6. Prices
For all the reasons mentioned above it should come as no surprise that clay tiles cost about 30% more than
concrete tiles
Since both, clay and concrete tiles are expensive in comparison to most other roofing choices, you’ll need to consider
whether all the added benefits that real tiles have to offer are worth the extra expense.

42. DOUBLY CURVED TILE ROOF

43. DOUBLY CURVED TILE ROOF
• THIS SYSTEM OF ROOFING IS BASED ON THE USE
OF ROOFING UNITS COMPRISING OF PRE-CAST
70 CM SQUARE DOUBLY CURVED TILES.
• THEY ARE RESTING ON PARTIALLY PRE-CAST
CEMENT CONCRETE BEAMS OR EVEN ON RAILS.
• THOSE ARE USED IN PLACE OF SOLID RCC SLABS.
• THESE ARE EITHER OF SQUARE OR OF
RECTANGULAR SHAPE.

44. DESIGN:
• THE TILES ARE DESIGNED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE
SHELL WITH DOUBLE CURVATURE BY TAKING THE
ADVANTAGE OF ITS PROPERTY OF RESISTANCE TO STATIC
AND SHOCK LOADS.
• IT HAS BEEN FOUND BY EXPERIENCE THAT A TILE SIZE OF
ABOUT 70 CM X 70 CM X 2 CM THICK IS THE MOST
CONVENIENT, BOTH FROM THE MAKING AND HANDLING
POINTS OF VIEW.

50. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
IT IS A SCHEMATIC FRONT ELEVATION VIEW SHOWING OF A
SINGLE CURVED TILE ,HAVING ONE FULL CURVED PORTION WITH TWO
SEMI-CURVED PORTIONS, ONE AT EACH SIDE OF THE ONE FULL CURVED
POSITION.

51. IT IS SHOWING IN DETAIL A CONNECTION IN ONE DIRECTION
BETWEEN THE LOWER GROOVES OF ONE TILE AND THE UPPER
GROOVES OF A NEXT ADJACENT TILE WITH THE UPPER AND LOWER
GROOVES OF EACH TILE IN PLACE WITH EACH OTHER CONNECTING THE
TWO TILES TOGETHER.

52. TWO TILES ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER SHOWING IN DETAIL A
CONNECTION IN ANOTHER DIRECTION, TRANSVERSE OR ORTHOGONAL
TO THE FIRST DIRECTION WITH ONE TILE OVERLYING ITS NEXT
ADJACENT TILE EXTENDING IN THE DIRECTION ORTHOGONAL TO THE
TILES

53. IT IS A TRANSVERSE SECTIONAL VIEW OF THREE TIERS OF TILES IN
OVERLAPPING RELATION WITH ADJACENT TILES HAVING ONE END OF ONE TILE ON
TIER OVERLAPPING AN END OF ITS NEXT ADJACENT TILE IN AN ADJACENT TIER

54. IT IS A COVERING PART SHOWING A
PARTIAL VIEW OF AN INSTALLATION WITH TWO
FRONT TILES CONNECTED TOGETHER, FORMING A
FIRST TIER IN A LONGITUDINAL AND TWO REAR
TILES IN A SECOND TIER CONNECTED TOGETHER AND
WITH THE TWO REAR TILES IN THE SECOND TIER
CONNECTED TOGETHER OVERLAPPING OR
OVERLYING THE FRONT PAIR OF CONNECTED TILES IN
THE FIRST TIER.

55. ROOF INSTALLATION:
• The doubly curved tiles are placed over purlins resting on
supporting walls.
• The tiles are placed with their edges bearing on the Foot of
the rails on either side of the web to get a better view from the
Inside of the roofs.

56. VARIETIES:

57. ADVANTAGES:
• NO REINFORCEMENT STEEL IS USED, WHICH IS THE MAIN SAVING IN THIS TYPE OF
ROOF.
• THE USE OF SHUTTERING IS TOTALLY ELIMINATED.
• OF MAKING TILES AND JOISTS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF IS SO DEVISED
THAT IT CAN BE EASILY ADOPTED BY LESS SKILLED WORKERS EVEN AT THE
VILLAGE LEVEL.

58. FERROCEMENT ROOFING

59. WHAT IS
FERROCEMENT???
Portland cement
sand
Steel mesh
•The term Ferro cement, also referred to as Ferro concrete
or reinforced concrete, is most commonly applied to a
mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of
woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-
diameter steel rods rebar.
•It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved
sheets to make shell roofs, hulls for boats, water tanks, etc.
It has been used in a wide range of other applications
including sculpture and prefabricated building components.

60. FERRO CEMENT ROOFING
• The ferro cement roof consists panels size 1.5mtrs.X1.2mtrs.
Approximately and ferro cement portal and purlins replacing AC
sheets and structural steel trusses and purlins.
• Unlike ac sheet metal, frp roof all the ferro cement panels
are joined monolithically. There will be no nuts and bolt
arrangement as in the case of AC sheet metal, FRP roofs.
• But ferro cement panels shall be connected to the purlins
and portal by welding and in-situ vibrated cement matrix
application. Or ferro cement mega tiles of size 1.5 x 1.2 m.
Or more are laid just like mangalore tiles with most effective
interlocking arrangement to prevent rain water entry below.
• There will be least heat transfer as compared to ac sheets
etc. The space below the roof shall be neat and clean since
the steel trusses are eliminated. There will be far better
storage space below without obstruction.

61. • Ferro cement roofs can be made in situ or with
precast components, the former being useful for free
forms, the latter being appropriate for modular and
repetitive constructions.
• Ferro cement roofs can be made to span large areas
without supporting structures, thus saving costs and providing
unobstructed covered areas.
• Ferro cement is a form of RCC made from mortar and
layers of thinly spaced steel rods or wires. Layers behave
together as a composite, in which the concrete absorbs most of
the compression and the steel reinforcing absorbs the tensile
and shear stresses. Mortar is the term applied to the mixture
of cement, sand, and water before it solidifies into concrete.
FERRO CONCRETE ROOFING TILES

62. •Ferroconcrete roofs are exteremly thin but have a higher
percentage of reinforcement than reinforced concrete, thus
achieving a high tensile strength to weight ratio .Further stregnth
and rigidity is achieved by curvature or folds.
•Ferrocement roofs can be ,add in situ or with precast components,
the former being useful for free forms , the latter being used for
modular and repetitive constructions.
•Depending on the design, ferrocemnt roofs can be made to span
large areas without supporting structures, thus saving costs and
providng unobstructed covered areas.

63. • DURABILITY estimates range from 30 to 50 years.
• Weigh between 9 1/2 and 12 pounds(1 pound =.45
gram) per square foot.
• Size is 265mm by 165 mm and 12mm thick.
• Require low maintenance
• offer good fire protection and are resistant to rot and
insects.
•Cost- inr 150 to inr 300/ sq.Ft

64. • Plain tiles, pan tiles, roman tiles, interlocking
tiles, and ridge, hip and valley tiles are made
of this material.
• The mixture is composed of normal portland
cement and clean well-graded sand.
• The body treated with mineral granules which
have been coated with color.
pantiles
ridge
Roman tiles
TYPES OF
FERROCEMENT TILES

65. Diferrent types of ferrocement tiles based on their
positon on to the roof and the function it serves.
TYPES OF
FERROCEMENT TILES

67. Concrete roofs present a number of benefits including the fact that these are:
Durable – many concrete roofs, when properly maintained, can last for decades. Annual upkeep is
recommended as discussed later on in this article.
Fire Resistant – most concrete tiles beat out the competition when it comes to calming wildfires or domestic
fires, unlike wood and other roofing materials.
Hail Resistant - hail is one of the top threats to properly maintained roofing. Concrete tiles however, are
resistant to the impact made from hail storms. Advanced testing has helped to prove this.
Affordability – concrete roofs rank higher in terms of affordability, when taking into account the cost of annual
maintenance, as well as the life cycle of the roofing.
Eco-friendly – similar to other types of roofing materials, a concrete roof can be recycled, and it’s furthermore
promoted to be energy-efficient.

68. M
A
N
U
F
A
C
T
U
R
I
N
G
PROCESS USED TO CREATEOBJECTS OF A FIXED,CROSS-SECTIONAL PROFILE

70. FIXING
•THE USUAL LAP FOR PLAIN TILING IS 65MM, FOR PITCHED ROOF AT 37 DEGREE.
•FOR PITCHES UP TO 60 DEGREE THE TILES SHOULD BE TWICE NAILED IN EVERY THIRD
COURSE TO ONCE NAILED IN EACH COURSE.
•FOR PITCHES EXCEEDING 60 DEGREE ALL TILES SHOULD BE NAILED TWICE.
•THE NAILS ARE USUALLY 38 MM LONG AND MAY BE EITHER GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON,
ZINC, COPPER OR COMPOSITION.

71. •Prepare iron bars before making concrete. The distance between two ion bars ranges from
0.9 to 1 m.
•Prepare iron structure on concrete roof.
•In case of timber, lay the necessary joist at defined separations.
•Tile the roof.
•When covering roof tiles, the first piece should be kept placed on roof’s right corner
•away from the outside hip of the beam.
•Cover the whole lower line, then moving upwards.
•While moving on the upper line, the tiles above should coincide with the tiles below,
perfectly interlocked between the grooves paving way for easy installation on to the rafters.
If nailing them, a minimum 3cm nail should be used to fix on the rafters.
•Every ten piece distance should have a plumb line running down ward to make sure the
water gets ot of the system
INSTALLATION DETAILS

73. The structural steel frame work of portals
and purlins in position being made ready
for in situ Ferro cement concrete work.
Span 12.2 Meter
View of the roof from inside
The fans and electrical fittings attache
d to roof can been seen.

74. This is inside of the roof consisting of Ferro
cement portals and purlins. All cast in situ
finish smooth. Electrical installation fixed to
the roof is visible.
Ferro cement roof interlocking tiles size
1.2x0.9mX20mm thick. Size can be increased
to 2.4 x 1.2m x 25mm thick or so and laid in
position with new arrangement supported by
Ferro cement portal.

75. Corroded metal roof
Such corrosion is not possible with
Ferro cement
Tarpaulin over leaking Roof. No such
covering required over Ferro cement Roof for
lifetime

76. The elegance of soffit of Ferro cement
roof. Increase in storage space as
compared to Steel trusses.
This is a roof of a small structure with
cast in situ treatment. The white band
all around is also of Ferro cement.

77. WATERPROOFING
•The installation and shape of the tiles should help in
bringing the waterproofing criteria.
•The backside, if, provided with ridges pertaining deep
slots will proof rain water.
•Two deep slots block rain water movement from the
under of the roof.

78. To keep your concrete roofs in the best shape, be sure to follow some of the below guidelines:
 Annual Inspections – have an expert roofing examine the roof once per year. The roofing contractor will
have the tools and techniques needed to see cracks or holes that may be hard to see with an untrained
eye.
 Coating – add waterproof coating and other specialized formulas to maximize the performance of the
roof.
 Annual Cleaning – just like other roofing tiles, the space should be cleaned to increase curb appeal.
 Concrete roof tiles feature low-upkeep and big value. Should one or more of the roofing tiles be
damaged, these can be easily replaced by a roofing contractor in the area.
 Extensive Repairs – in some instances, Lead Flashing repairs are recommended instead of a
replacement. In this event, a roofer is also advised, as they will be trained on safety and the best
materials to get the job done right on the first try.

79. COLORED ROOFS

81. •The assembly of the roof is done manually. After placing the
bough side by side , the gaps between them and the top of the
walls are cloesd by insering precast filler blocks and sealed
around edges.
• Polythene sheet is laid over the troughs, which are covered
with a 20mm layer of loose gravel for improved thermal
performance and to proect the sheet.
•The gravel is kept in lace by precast, shaped, no fines concrete
blocks placed at the ends of troughs. The rainwater that collects
in the troughs percolates throug the no fines concreete nd can
be collected. Hence a 5% slope is suitable.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH THE TILES

82. Ferrocement roofing channels are mnufactured using fixed proportionof cement,sand and water to
give high stregnth to the morta that is reinforced with a layer of galvanized iron chicken mesh of 22
guage and t steel bars of 8-12 mm diameter provided in the bottom ribs of the channels can be safely
transported after a curing period of 14 days.
FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS
Ferroconrete roofing chanels have a
uniform segmental profile, they are 2.5
cm thick and 83cm wide. Maximum
length of mechanically produced
channels can be 6 ms. Longer spans for
roofing can be built with intermediate
supports.

83. PROVIDE AN ECONOMIC SOLUTION TO SLAB BY PROVIDING 30 TO 40 % RREDUCTIN ON
FLOOR/ROOF UNIT OVER RCC SLABS WITHUT COMPRMISING THE STRENGTH. THESE BEING
PRECAST, CONSTRUCTION IS SPEEDY, ECONOMIC DUE TO AVOIDANCE OF SHUTTERING AND
FACILITATE QUALITY CONTROL
FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS

84. BUILDINGS WHERE
FERROCEMENT ROOF IS
USED

85. NAUTILUS HOUSE
• LOCATION: NEAR
MEXICO CITY
• ARCHITECT:
JAVIER SENOSIAIN
OF ARCHITECTURE
ORGANISATION

89. BALLENA MEXICANA, 1992
(THE MEXICAN WHALE
HOUSE)
•LOCATION: MEXICO
•ARCHITECT: JAVIER
SENOSIAIN

91. “DOME HOME” OF PENSACOLA
BEACH, 2002• LOCATION: PENSACOLA BEACH, FLORIDA
• ARCHITECT: JONATHAN ZIMMERMAN

93. RESTAURANT LOS
MANATIALES, 1958
• LOCATION: XOCHIMILCO, MEXICO
• ARCHITECT: FELIX CANDELA

97. PRECAST JOISTS

98. Typical joist Section And Bearing
connection

99.  The ease of incorporation into the structural concept maintains creativity in design.
 The joist system is not tied to specific component width, depth or spacing, such as
precast/prestressed structures.
 The concrete joist system with the self-supporting deck slab formwork and soffit beams
reduces the construction schedule by reducing the amount of shoring and framework
required, when compared to a complete cast in place system. The reduced shoring is
ideal for use in areas requiring minimal shoring or having large floor to ceiling distances.

100.  When incorporated with
cast in place slabs, soffit
beams, and columns the
joist system provides
the advantages of
monolithic connections
and reduces the amount
of welded or bolted
connections and
minimizing additional
building maintenance
concerns.
 Concrete joist can be
utilized with tilt wall,
precast, cast in place,
and masonry
construction.

103. LIGHTWEIGHT WOOD JOISTS