Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.

1. HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS

2. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
High rise is defined differently by different bodies.
Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-
100 meters tall, or a building of
unknown height from 12-39 floors is
termed as high rise.
Building code of Hyderabad,India-
A high-rise building is one with four
floors or more, or one 15 meters or
more in height.
The International Conference on
Fire Safety –
"any structure where the height can
have a serious impact on
evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States
General Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70
feet (21 m).

3. DEMAND FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
• Sacrcity of land in urban areas.
•Increasing demand for business and residential space.
•Economic growth
•Technological advancements
•Innovation in structural systems
•Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
•Concept of city skyline
•Cultural significance and prestige
•Human aspiration to build higher.

4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH
RISE

6. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• There are three major factors to consider in the
design of all structures:
▫ Strength
▫ rigidity and
▫ Stability
• As height increases, the rigidity and stability
requirements become more important, and they are
often the dominant factors in the design. So
▫ the size of the members may be increased
beyond and above the strength requirements.
▫ change the form of the structure into something
more rigid and stable to confine the deformation
and increase stability.

7. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONCRETE, STEEL, GLASS, CLADDING MATERIAL, HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT USED FOR
ROOFS & FLOORS. IT CONTAINS BAUXITE INSTEAD OF CLAY, CEMENT, PORTLAND
CEMENT OF LIME STONE, SILICA.
CONCRETE:- CELLULAR CONCRETE OF CLAY-GYPSUM & INVENTION OF LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE.
FERRO CONCRETE:-IT IS A LAYER OF FINE MESH SATURATED WITH CEMENT.
GUNITE:- IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SHOT CRETE.
COMPRESSED AIR TO SHOOT CONCRETE ONTO (OR INTO) A FRAME OR STRUCTURE. SHOT
CONCRETE IS FREQUENTLY USED AGAINST VERTICAL SOIL OR ROCK SURFACES, AS IT
ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR FORMWORK.
GLASS:- FLOAT GLASS WITH DOUBLE GLASS IS USED IN TALL BUILDINGS .
TEMPERED GLASS IS USED IN TALL BUILDINGS INSTEAD OF PLAIN GLASS, AS THAT WOULD
SHATTER AT SUCH HEIGHT.

8. ADVANTAGES
PLASTICITY
EASILY AVAILABILITY
EASY IN CASTING
NON CORROSIVE
CAN BE CAST IN SITU
DISADVANTAGES
COST OF FORM
DEAD WEIGHT
DIFFICULTY IN POURING

9. FOUNDATION TYPES
• Raft foundation: It is known for its load distributing capability. With the
usage of this type of foundation the enormous load of the building gets
distributed & helps the building stay upright and sturdy. Loads are
transferred by raft into the ground.
• Pile foundation: used for high rise construction. Load of building is
distributed to the ground with the help of piles. Transfer the loads into the
ground with an adequate factor of safety.
• Combined raft-pile: is the hybrid of 2 foundation. It consists of both the pile
and raft foundation. Useful in marshy sandy soil that has low bearing
capacity.

10. PILE FOUNDATION

11. RAFT
FOUNDATIO
N

12. NSTUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slip
form construction is a construction method in which concrete is
poured into
a continuously moving form.
Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as bridges, towers,
buildings, and dams), as well as horizontal structures, such as
roadways.
In vertical slip forming the concrete form may be surrounded by a
platform on which workers stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into
the concrete and ensuring a smooth pour. Together, the concrete
form and working platform are raised by means of hydraulic jacks.
Generally, the slipform rises at a rate which permits the concrete to
harden by the time it emerges from the bottom of the form

13. SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION
Slipforming is an economical, rapid and accurate
method of constructing reinforced concrete. At its
most basic level, slipforming is a type of movable
formwork which is slowly raised,
allowing the continuous extrusion of concrete.

14. CLIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION
It is an economical, rapid and accurate method of constructing reinforced concrete, or
post-tensioned concrete structures. At its most basic level, slipforming is a type of
movable formwork which is slowly raised, allowing the continuous extrusion of concrete.

15. TABLE FORM/FLYING FORM
A Table form/flying form is a large pre-assembled
formwork
And falsework unit, often forming a complete bay of
Suspended floor slab. It offers mobility and quick
installation
For construction projects with regular plan layouts or long
Repetitive structures, so is highly suitable for flat slab, and
Beam and slab layouts. It is routinely used for residential
flats, hotels, hostels, offices and commercial buildings.

16. SYSTEM COLUMN
FORMWORK
•The column formwork systems now available are normally
modular in nature and allow quick assembly and erection
on-site while minimizing labor and crane time.
•They are available in steel, aluminum and even cardboard
(not reusable but recycled) and have a variety of internal
face surfaces depending on the concrete finish required.

17. VERTICAL PANEL SYSTEMS
•Crane-lifted panel systems are commonly used on
building sites to form vertical elements and usually consist
of a steel frame with plywood, steel, plastic or composite
facing material.
•The systems are normally modular in nature, assembly
times and labor costs are considerably lower than
traditional formwork methods with far fewer components
required. They offer greater opportunities for reuse for
different applications on site.
•Panel systems are extremely flexible and the larger
crane-lifted versions can be used for constructing standard
concrete walls, perimeter basement walls, columns and in
conjunction with jump form climbing systems.

18. JUMP FORM SYSTEMS
Generally, jump form systems comprise the formwork and
working platforms for cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel
fixing and concreting. The formwork supports itself on the
concrete cast earlier so does not rely on support or access
from other parts of the building or permanent works.
It is a highly productive system designed
to increase speed and efficiency while minimising labour
and crane time.
Systems are normally modular and can be joined to
form long lengths to suit varying construction geometries.
Three types of jump form are in general use:

19. TUNNEL FORM
Tunnel form is used to form repetitive
cellular structures,and is widely
recognised as a modern innovation
that enables the construction of
horizontal and vertical elements (walls
and floors) together.
Significant productivity benefits have
been achieved by using tunnel form to
construct cellular buildings such as
hotels, low- and high-rise
housing,hostels, student
accommodation, prison and barracks
accommodation.

21. STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND NO. OF STOR

22. TYPES OF CORE

23. STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
EXAMPLES

29. HEAR WALL SYSTEM
• A type of rigid frame construction.
• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral
rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed
in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the
effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind & earthquake loads
are the most common among the loads.
• For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so
does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be used only
in conjunction with other support systems.

30. FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES
The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very
stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the perimeter
of the building.
The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete
buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions
of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus
such system were economically not viable.
The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep
spandrel girders.
Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls.
Dewitt chestnut

31. THE TRUSSED TUBE
The trussed tube system represents a classic
solution for a tube uniquely suited to the
qualities and character of structural steel.
Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on
each façade and making the diagonal intersect at
the same point at the corner column.
The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals
not only form a truss in the plane, but also
interact with the trusses on the perpendicular
faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates
the x form between corner columns on each
façade.
Relatively broad column spacing can resulted
large clear spaces for windows, a particular
characteristic of steel buildings.
The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the
gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a
significant impact on the exterior architecture. John Hancock
Center introduced
trussed tube
design.
Recently the use of perimeter diagonals – thus
the term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectiveness
and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed
interest in architectural and structural designers
of tall buildings.
Introducing a minimum
number of diagonals on
each façade and
making the diagonal
intersect at the same point
at the corner column

32. The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular
walls than would be possible
with only the exterior frame
tube form.
The spacing which make it
possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning.
The ability to modulate the
cells vertically can create a
powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes
therefore offers great latitude
in architectural planning of at
all building.
Sears Tower,
Chicago.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

33. TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
This variation of the framed
tube consists of an outer frame
tube, the “Hull,” together
with an internal elevator and
service core.
The Hull and core act jointly in
resisting both gravity and
lateral loading.
The outer framed tube and the
inner core interact horizontally
as the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame
structure, with the benefit of
increased lateral stiffness.
The structural tube usually
adopts a highly dominant role
because of its much greater
structural depth.
Lumbago Tatung Haji
Building, Kuala Lumpur

34. TAIPEI 101

35. INTRODUCTION
• Taipei 101 , formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Centre,
is a landmark super tall skyscraper in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan.
The building was officially classified as the world's tallest in 2004,
and remained such until the opening of Burj Khalifa in Dubai in
2010.
• In July 2011, the building was awarded the LEED Platinum
certification, the highest award according the Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system, and became the
tallest and largest green building in the world.
• Taipei 101 was designed by C.Y. Lee & partners and constructed
primarily by KTRT Joint Venture.
• . The construction started in 1999 and finished in 2004. The tower
has served as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since its opening.

36. • Taipei 101 comprises 101 floors above ground and 5 floors
underground. The building was architecturally created as a symbol
of the evolution of technology and Asian tradition.
• Its postmodernist approach to style incorporates traditional design
elements and gives them modern treatments.
• The tower is designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes. A
multi-level shopping mall adjoining the tower houses hundreds of
stores, restaurants and clubs.
• Taipei 101 is owned by Taipei Financial Centre Corp. (TFCC) and
managed by the International division of Urban Retail
PropertiesCorporation based in Chicago.

37. FEATURE
S
• Taipei 101 is 508-meter high,
• 101-story tower
• a five-story deep basement
• 61 elevators
• most floor plan areas vary between 2000 and 2500
square meters (21,500 to 27,000 square feet),
• Building aspect ratio (height/width) to the main roof
is about 9 based on its ‘waist’ (and 6.8 counting
the wider base).
• Construction began in 1999 and ended this year
2004.
• Architectural style is similar to a pagoda and
bamboo.
• Major materials used are glass and steel .

38. HEIGHT
• The Taipei 101 tower has 101 floors above ground and five
underground. Upon its completion Taipei 101 claimed the official
records for:
▫ Ground to highest architectural structure : 508 m
(1,667 ft). Previously held by the Petronas
Towers 451.9 m(1,483 ft).
▫ Ground to roof: 449.2 m (1,474 ft). Formerly held by the Willis
Tower 442 m (1,450 ft).
▫ Ground to highest occupied floor: 438 m (1,437 ft). Formerly held
by the Willis Tower 412.4 m (1,353 ft).
▫ Fastest ascending elevator speed: designed to be 1,010 meters
per minute, which is 16.83 m/s (55.22 ft/s) (60.6 kilometres per
hour (37.7 mph)).
▫ Largest countdown clock: Displayed on New Year's Eve.
▫ Tallest sundial.

39. • Taipei 101 was the first building in the world to break the half-
kilometer mark in height. The record it claimed for greatest height
from ground to pinnacle was surpassed by the Burj
Khalifa in Dubai (UAE), which is 829.8 m (2,722 ft) in height.
• Taipei 101's records for roof height and highest occupied floor briefly
passed to the Shanghai World Financial Centre in 2009, which in turn
yielded these records as well to the Burj.
• Taipei 101 displaced the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
as the tallest building in the world by 56.1 m (184 ft).
• Various sources, including the building's owners, give the height of
Taipei 101 as 508.0 m (1,667 ft), roof height and top floor height as
448.0 m (1,470 ft) and 438.0 m (1,437 ft). This lower figure is derived
by measuring from the top of a 1.2 m (4 ft) platform at the base.

40. BASIC INFORMATION
• Architect – C.Y.Lee & Partners
• Structural Engineer – Shaw Shieh
• Structural Consult. – Thornton-
Tomasetti Engineers, New York City
• Year Started – June 1998
• Total Height – 508m
• No. of Floors – 101
• Plan Area – 50m X 50m
• Cost – $ 700 million
• Building Use – Office Complex + Mall
• Parking - 83,000 m2, 1800 cars
• Retail - Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2)
• Offices - Taiwan Stock Exchange
(198,347 m2)

41. BUILDING FRAME
• Materials
▫ 60ksi Steel
▫ 10,000 psi Concrete
• Systems
▫ Outrigger Trusses
▫ Moment Frames
▫ Belt Trusses
• Lateral Load Resistance
▫ Braced Moment Frames in the building’s core
▫ Outrigger from core to perimeter
▫ Perimeter Moment Frames
▫ Shear walls
▫ Basement and first 8 floors

42. • Height
• Typhoon
• Winds
• Frequent strong
Earthquakes
• Weak clayey soils
CHALLENGES

43. • Skyscrapers must be flexible in strong
winds yet remain rigid enough to prevent
large sideways movement (lateral drift).
• Flexibility prevents structural damage while
resistance ensures comfort for the
occupants and protection of glass, curtain
walls and other features.
• Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101,
including eight "mega-columns" packed
with 10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete.
• Every eight floors, outrigger trusses
connect the columns in the building's core
to those on the exterior.
WIND DESIGN

44. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
•Taipei 101 is designed to withstand the typhoon winds and earthquake tremors
common in its area of the Asia-Pacific.
•Planners aimed for a structure that could withstand gale winds of 60 m/s
(197 ft/s, 216 km/h or 134 mph) and the strongest earthquakes likely to occur in
a 2,500 year cycle.
•Skyscrapers must be flexible in strong winds yet remain rigid enough to
prevent large sideways movement.
•Flexibility prevents structural damage while resistance ensures comfort for the
occupants and protection of glass, curtain walls and other features.
• Most designs achieve the necessary strength by enlarging critical structural
elements such as bracing. The height of Taipei 101 combined with the demands
of its environment called for additional innovations. The design achieves both
strength and flexibility for the tower through the use of high-performance steel
construction.
• Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101, including eight "mega-columns" packed
with 10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete.
• Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the columns in the building's core
to those on the exterior.

45. •These features combine with the solidity of
its foundation to make Taipei 101 one of the
most stable buildings ever constructed.
• The foundation is reinforced by 380 piles
driven 80 m (262 ft) into the ground,
extending as far as 30 m (98 ft) into the
bedrock.
• Each pile is 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter and can
bear a load of 1,000–1,320 tonnes (1,100–
1,460 short tons).
•The stability of the design became evident
during construction when, on 31 March 2002,
a 6.8-magnitude earthquake rocked Taipei.
The tremor was strong enough to topple two
construction cranes from the 56th floor, the
highest floor at the time.
• Five people died in the accident, but an
inspection showed no structural damage to
the building, and construction soon resumed.

46. •Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers along with
Evergreen Consulting Engineering
designed a 660-tonne (728-short-ton) steel
pendulum that serves as a tuned mass
damper, at a cost of NT$132 million
(US$4 million).
•Suspended from the 92nd to the 87th
floor, the pendulum sways to offset
movements in the building caused by
strong gusts.
• Its sphere, the largest damper sphere in
the world, consists of 41 circular steel
plates of varying diameters, each 125 mm
(4.92 in) thick, welded together to form a
5.5 m (18 ft) diameter sphere.
• Two additional tuned mass dampers,
each weighing 6 tonnes (7 short tons), are
installed at the tip of the spire which help
prevent damage to the structure due to
strong wind loads.

47. CONSTRUCTION
• 380 piles with 3 inch concrete slab.
•Mega columns- 8 cm thick steel &
10,000 psi concrete infill to provide for
overturning.
•Walls - 5 & 7 degree slope.
•106,000 tons of steel, grade 60- 25%
stronger.
•6 cranes on site – steel placement.
•Electrical & Mechanical.
•Braced core with belt trusses
•Curtain wall placement.

48. SUPERSTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION
The structure is reinforced by a moment
frame system linking the column on all
floors.
Massive steel outrigger trusses span
between the columns on every eight
floors.

49. WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN

50. Cross section of super column and reinforcement filled
with high strength concrete upto level 62.

51. • The structure concentrates main loads in two, generally 3 x 2.4-m vertical mega
columns, 22.5 m apart along each face, almost touching the sloping perimeter wall
at its base.
• Main floor girders connect each mega column through moment connections with a
core corner column along the same gridline, forming a tick-tack-toe board .
• The 22.5-m-square core comprises 16 box columns in four lines, which are
generally fully braced between floors. Composite floors are typically 13.5 cm thick.
• At equipment floors every eighth level, outriggers connect mega columns and the
core.
• Outriggers are generally formed by vertically bracing main floor girders above and
below equipment floors.
• Further cross bracing between main perimeter columns at these levels forms belt
trusses around the tower.
• Two minor outriggers connect the core’s central columns with sloping H-shaped
uprights in each module’s face.
• From just below level 26 down, mega columns slope with the building’s profile.
Two, 2 x 1.2-m columns are added toward the centre of each facade, while each
corner is supported by an additional 1.4-m-square sloping box column.

52. • Corner columns are tied to the main frame with two-story-deep belt
trusses under levels 9, 19 and 27. All other sloping mega columns are
connected to core columns with double-story outriggers at these levels.
• Designed for axial loads up to 38,000 tonnes, main mega columns are
made of steel as thick as 8 cm. Along with the core elements, mega
columns are filled with 10,000-psi reinforced concrete up to level 62.
Additional box columns below floor 26 are also filled.
• For enhanced resistance to seismic forces, main girders and the facade
framework have welded connections to the mega columns. For additional
ductility, key main beams have reduced flange widths next to column
welds.
• The design criteria are tougher than needed to comply with local codes.
Codes require the frame to stay elastic in a 100-year shock and remain
upright through a 950-year event. But actual capabilities are better. The
building is engineered to stay up under a 2,500-year shock

54. FOUNDATION
•The building is a pile
through clay rich soil to
bedrock 60-80m below.
•The plies are topped by a
foundation slab which is 3m
thick at the edges and up to
5m thick under the largest
of columns
•There are a total of 380
1.5m dia. Tower piles.

55. FOUNDATION DETAILS
• One of the most stable
buildings ever constructed
• Reinforced by 380 piles driven
262 feet into the ground,
extending as far as 30 meters
(98 ft. ) into the bedrock.
• Each pile is 5 feet in diameter
and can withstand a load of
1100-1450 tons, that is
2,900,000 pounds each.

56. Foundation depth 80 metres.

57. Reverse circulation pile.

58. COLUMN SYSTEM

59. •Gravity loads are carried vertically by a
variety of columns.
•Within the core, sixteen columns are
located at the crossing points of four lines
of bracing in each direction.
•The columns are box sections constructed
of steel plates, filled with concrete for
added strength as well as stiffness till the
62nd floor.
•On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor,
each of the four building faces has two
‘super columns,’ two ‘sub-super-columns,’
and two corner columns.
•Each face of the perimeter above the 26th
floor has the two ‘super-columns’ continue
upward.
•The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super-
columns’ are steel box sections, filled with
10,000 psi (M70) high performance
concrete on lower floors for strength and
stiffness up to the 62nd floor.

60. TYPICAL PLAN UP TO 26TH STOREY
TYPICAL PLAN FROM 27TH TO 91ST
STOREY

61. LATERAL LOADING
SYSTEM
• For additional core stiffness, the lowest floors from basement to the 8th
floor have concrete shear walls cast between core columns in addition to
diagonal braces.
• The most of the lateral loads will be resisted by a combination of braced
cores, cantilevers from the core to the perimeter, the super columns and the
Special moment resisting frame (SMRF).

62. SEISMIC DESIGN
Taipei 101 includes a 728-ton
sphere locked in a net of thick
steel cables hung way up
toward the top of the building.
Tuned mass damper

63. • A TUNED MASS
DAMPER OCCUPIES
LEVEL 87 TO 91
• 736 TON SPHERE OF
STACKED STEEL
PLATES
• SUSPENDED FROM 4
STEEL CABLES
• IT’S A PENDULUM 0.26
OF BUILDINGS TOTAL
WEIGHT

64. PRINCIPLE
As LATERAL FORCE pass up
through the structure, the ball
remains all but stationary; its
inertia helps to counteract the
movements of the building
around it, thus “dampening” the
LATERAL FORCE.

65. TMD CONSTRUCTION
Tuned mass damper of stacked field-welded steel plates will
swing as a pendulum on steel cables.

66. Assembly of the Tuned Mass
Damper
Completed Assembly of the
Tuned Mass Damper

67. • The cantilevers (horizontal trussed from the core to the perimeter) occur at
11 levels in the structure. 5 of them are double storey high and the rest
single storey.
• 16 of these members occur on each of such floors.
• The balance of perimeter framing is a sloping Special Moment Resisting
Frame (SMRF), a rigidly-connected grid of stiff beams and H shape
columns which follows the tower’s exterior wall slope down each 8 story
module.
• At each setback level, gravity load is transferred to ‘super-columns’ through
a story-high diagonalized truss in the plane of the SMRF.
• Above the 26th floor, only two exterior super-columns continue to rise up to
the 91st floor, so the SMRF consists of 600 mm deep steel wide flange
beams and columns, with columns sized to be significantly stronger than
beams for stability in the event of beam yielding.
• Each 7-story of SMRF is carried by a story-high truss to transfer gravity and
cantilever forces to the super-columns, and to handle the greater story
stiffness of the core at cantilever floors.

68. Damping System
• The main objective of such a system is to supplement the structures
damping to dissipate energy and to control undesired structural
vibrations.
• A common approach is to add friction or viscous damping to the
joints of the buildings to stabilize the structural vibration.
• A large number of dampers may be needed in order to achieve
effective damping when the movements of the joints are not
sufficient to contribute to energy absorption.

69. •A TMD is a passive damping system,
which consists of a spring, a viscous
damping device, and a secondary mass
attached to the vibrating structure
•By varying the characteristics of the
TMD system, an opportunity is given to
control the vibration of the primary
structure and to dissipate energy in the
viscous element of the TMD.
•The Taipei 101 uses a 800 ton TMD
which occupy 5 of its upper floors (87 –
91).
•The ball is assembled on site in layers
of 12.5-cm-thick steel plate. It is welded
to a steel cradle suspended from level
92 by 3” cables, in 4 sets of 2 each.

70. •Eight primary hydraulic pistons, each
about 2 m long, grip the cradle to
dissipate dynamic energy as heat.
•A roughly 60-cm-dia pin projecting
from the underside of the ball limits its
movement to about 1 m even during
times of the strongest lateral forces.
•The 60m high spire at the top has 2
smaller ‘flat’ dampers to support it.

71. STRUCTURAL FACADE
•Taipei 101's characteristic blue-green
glass curtain walls are double paned and
glazed
•They offer heat and UV protection
sufficient to block external heat by 50
percent, and can sustain impacts of 7
tonnes
•.The façade system of glass and
aluminium panels installed into an
inclined moment-resisting lattices
contributes to overall lateral rigidity by
tying back to the mega-columns with
one-story high trusses at every eighth
floor.
•This façade system is therefore able to
withstand up to 95mm of seismic lateral
displacements without damage.

72. INTERIOR
•Taipei 101 is the first record-
setting skyscraper to be
constructed in the 21st century.
It exhibits a number of
technologically advanced
features.
•The original 2004 fibre-
optic and satellite
Internet connections permitted
transfer speeds up to
a gigabyte per second.
•The double-deck
elevators built by the
Japanese Toshiba Elevator
and Building Systems
Corporation (TELC) set a new
record in 2004 with top
ascending speeds of 16.83 m
(55.22 ft) per second .

73. •Taipei 101's elevators sweep visitors from
the fifth floor to the 89th-floor observatory
in only 37 seconds.
•Each elevator features an aerodynamic
body.
•the world's first triple-stage anti-
overshooting system. The cost for each
elevator is NT$80 million (US$2.4 million).
•The damper can reduce up to 40% of the
tower's movements.
•Two restaurants have opened on the 85th
floor: Diamond Tony's,and Shin Yeh 101.
•The multi-story retail mall adjoining the
tower is home to hundreds of fashionable
stores, restaurants, clubs and other
attractions. The mall's interior is modern in
design even as it makes use of traditional
elements

74. STRENGTHS
• Designed to withstand typhoons and
earthquakes.
• Withstands 134 mph winds.
• Withstood a 7.0 Richter scale
earthquake, which only happens in a
2,500 year cycle.
• Withstood a 6.8 earthquake during
construction in which a crane fell off of
the tower and killed 5 people.

75. History
Planning for Taipei 101 began in 1997 during Chen Shui-bian's term as Taipei mayor.
Talks between merchants and city government officials initially cantered on a proposal
for a 66-story tower to serve as an anchor for new development in Taipei's 101 business
district. Planners were considering taking the new structure to a more ambitious height
only after an expat suggested it, along with many of the other features used in the
design of the building. It wasn't until the summer of 2001 that the city granted a license
for the construction of a 101-story tower on the site. In the meantime, construction
proceeded and the first tower column was erected in the summer of 2000.
A major earthquake took place in Taiwan during 31 March 2002 destroying a
construction crane at the roof top, which was at floor number 47. The crane fell down
onto the Xinyi Road beneath the tower, crushing several vehicles and causing five
deaths – two crane operators and three workers who were not properly harnessed.
However, an inspection showed no structural damage to the building, and construction
work was able to restart within a week.
Taipei 101's roof was completed three years later on 1 July 2003.
The formal opening of the tower took place on New Year's Eve 2004. Open-air concerts
featured a number of popular performers. Visitors rode the elevators to the Observatory
for the first time. A few hours later the first fireworks show at Taipei 101 heralded the
arrival of a new year.

76. Taipei 101 is a record breaking extraordinary structure which has
been the tallest building in the world from 2004-2010 over-coming the
height of Petronas Towers by 58m. It has been the symbol of
excellence and technology for Taiwan. It is the structure which is
flexible enough to withstand earthquake and strong enough to resist
typhoon winds. The engineers and the designers of Taipei 101 have
gone beyond the expectations and imagination of human mind to
construct this mega marvel. There are many mega-structures under
construction and being constructed but Taipei 101 still maintains its
uniqueness and variation.
CONCLUSION

77. REFERENCES
• Ingredient of High-Rise Design Structure Magazine, June 2006
• Taipei 101 at Skyscraper Page
• Taipei 101 at Structure
• Taipei 101 Official Website – Lights Schedule
• LEED certified: The tallest "green" building in the world Siemens Building
Technologies

78. EFFORTS BY:
SHREYA SABLE BA13ARC041
SACHI DONGARWAR BA13ARC042
SAURABH DEOTALE BA13ARC043
SHHRRUTI JAIN BA13ARC044
SHIVANGI NEGI BA13ARC045
S.SUBHAMALA BA13ARC046
SWAPNIL PUDKE BA13ARC047
VRINDA TAPADIA BA13ARC048
PRASAD THANTHRATEY BA13ARC049
PAWAN TIRPUDE BA13ARC050