Cloud Computing

1. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Prakash G Khaire

2. Cloud Computing Basics
• Cloud computing is hazy word
• Computing occur in remote locations without
the need for human intervention.
• Users don’t know how the computers, their
software or the network are functioning.
• In real world, computing can be viewed in two
stages
– Centralized
– Desktop

3. Cloud Computing Basics
• Centralized computing did not give users enough control.
• As the cost of computing power continued to decrease, the
cost of manpower to implement and manage computer
systems have increased.
• Computer scientist have suggested
– A vast grid of computers attached via the Internet, whose power is
combined for large-scale tasks, when needed. Thus, large numbers
of computing system are used for particular tasks.
– A computing utility which would offer just as much computing
power as a society in an on-demand basis, as in the case of
electricity.

4. History of Cloud Computing
• 1960, J.C.R dream that everyone on the earth to be connected with anyone and
be able to access programs and data at any location from any place.
• 1960, John McCarthy predicts that the computation being available as public
service, as “Utility Computing”, where large business units like IBM can offer
meter service for the business, similar to telephone companies operate for
their consumers.
• 1964, an article in Atlantic Monthly published by Martin Greenberger, view
the future of world where computers would become super powerful
worldwide and companies will be operating through wires all over the place
in due course of time.
• In 21st century the computing model has transformed where computing
services will be available on demand like water, electricity, telephone and gas
etc available in today’s society.

5. History of Cloud Computing
 In late 1990, Sun Microsystems introduce the
concept called “Network is the Computer”.
 With rise of internet in mid 1990s, changed the
usage of computer and information distribution.
 With the idea of utility computing, Amazon began
to establish and control server farms, to offer apps
to their buyers.

6. History of Cloud Computing
• In such model, users access services based on their requirements without
regard to where the services are hosted. This model has been referred to
as utility computing(since 2007) as cloud computing.
• Cloud computing allows businesses as well as users to access applications
as services from anywhere in the world on demand.
• Cloud computing has turned IT services into Utilities . Such a delivery
model is made possible by the effective composition of several
technologies, which have reached the appropriate maturity level.
• Web 2.0 technologies has played a vital role in transforming the Internet
into a rich application and service delivery platform.

7. Example
• 21st Feb 2011, Sometime in ICC Cricket World Cup, India
Furious cricket fans slammed organizers of the World Cup on Monday as the
official ticketing website crashed amid a scramble for 1,000 tickets available for
the final. (Source: Times of India [Magazine])
• The manager of ICC posted a message in his Facebook fan
page:
We are facing absolutely unprecedented amounts of traffic from all over the world with
hundreds of millions of people hitting at once. Some of you may have trouble accessing the
site. It seems that cricket fever has surpassed all anticipations and expectations. Please
bear with us as our global network team works on bringing you the tickets you all have
been waiting for. (Source: Kyazoonga FB page)

8. Example
• Each day between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM, Since when? Till
Date, Online Ticket Booking: IRCTC, India
The bookings and enquiry requests are 6–7 times higher during
the peak hours than the rest of the day. So while the existing
infrastructure is well equipped to handle the daylong traffic, it is
the peak hour traffic that clogs servers.
(Source:http://www.techno-pulse.com/2011/01/what-irctc-learn-
redbus-cloud-iaas.html)

9. Example
• In May 2009, India
The world’s largest democracy, 1 billion+ people, goes for its general election.
The Election Commission unveiled a new website for publishing results in real
time. It showed off preparations, which indicated it was well arranged to handle
80.64 billion hits in eight hours (2,800 hits/second), clearly a decent number by
any standard. Media reported on the election result day: 300,000 hits/second
make Election Commission website crash. (Source: Times of India [Magazine])

10. Example
• Server crashes were reported across India when the online CAT examination
was conducted by the esteemed IIMs (Indian Institute of Management) in
2009; although they were smartly attributed to a virus and not to the number
of hits. It points to the fact that the cloud service without security aspect could
also be powerless.

11. Reason for Server Crashes/Failure
• Increasing in the numbers of Internet users
on daily basis.

12. Prevent Server Crashes/Failures
● Add additional servers to balance the load
● In view of these facts, it will help us to make a sensible guess
o Facebook has 30,000 servers and is increasing its capacity on a daily
basis
o An unofficial estimate predicts Google Servers to be unbelievable in
numbers, with 1 million servers across the world wide at present
● If the organization are economically sound to add servers, before doing so,
they have to check the following
 - The Red Cross may get that kind of traffic once in a decade.
 - The website of the Indian Election Commission attracts visitors during
elections, i.e, preferably once in 5 years
● Thus, the majorities of the traffic are predictable and can be easily planned.


13. Scenario of Cloud Computing
 Dynamism – Your infrastructure should support
your changing needs
 Abstraction – The business/consumer should
focus his attention more on its core competency
rather than distressing himself over secondary
resources such as the OS or the software.
 Resource Sharing – Elastic architecture, where
the resources will grow without any major
configuration modifications.

14. Basic Components of Cloud Computing

15. Basic Components of Cloud computing
1. World Wide Connectivity – Users should have
near-ubiquitous access to the Internet
2. Open access – Users should have fair, open
minded access to the Internet
3. Reliability – The cloud’s performance should
equal to or better recent standalone systems
4. Interoperability and user choice – Users must
be able to progress among different clouds

16. Basic Components of Cloud computing
5. Security – It should ensure that data of users are
safe
6. Privacy – User’s right must be clearly defined
and allow access based on rights
7. Economic Value – The cloud must provide
substantial savings and benefits
8. Sustainability – The cloud must increase power
effectiveness and reduce environment impact

17. Characteristics of Cloud Computing
• Dynamic Computing Infrastructure
• IT Service-Centric Approach
• Self-service Based Usage Model
• Minimally or Self-managed Platform
• Consumption-based Billing

18. Dynamic Computing Infrastructure
- It is needed for cloud computing
- The basis of a dynamic infrastructure is standardized,
scalable and secure physical infrastructure
- There should be various redundancies to ensure high levels of
availability, but mostly it must be easy to enlarge as the
demand increases, without requiring architecture restructure.
- Virtualization environment uses server virtualization to run the
services, these services needs to be easily provisioned and de-
provisioned via software automation.

19. Dynamic Computing Infrastructure
- We can be switched over from one physical server to another
as capacity demands increase or decrease.
- Virtualized environment uses server virtualization to run the
services, these services need to be easily provisioned and de-
provisioned via software automation.
- These service workloads have to be switched over from one
physical server to another as capacity demands increase or
decrease.

20. IT Service Centric approach
- Cloud Computing is service-centric business.
- Users of the cloud usually want to run some business
service or application for an exact timely purpose.
- Users would prefer to rapidly and easily access a
devoted application or service.

21. Self-service Based Usage Model
- Interaction with the cloud needs some level of user
self-service.
- Self-service creates the chance to the users to
upload, build, deploy, schedule, manage and report
on their business services on-demand basis.
- It provides easy-to-use, intuitive user interfaces that
help the users to effectively manage the service-
delivery life cycle.

22.  What Cloud Computing Really is ?
And
 What Cloud Computing Really isn’t ?

23. Minimally or self-managed Platform
- Best-of-breed clouds make self management through
software automation, leveraging the following
capabilities.
- A provisioning engine where the services are deployed should have high levels
of reuse.
- Mechanisms for scheduling the resources and reserving resource capacity.
- Capabilities for configuring, organizing and reporting to make sure resources
are allocated and reallocated to several groups of users.
- Tools must be available for controlling access to resources and policies for
resources to be utilized or operations to be performed.