slide1- introduction slide2-Plant Tissue Plant tissues are of two types :- Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue slide3-Meristematic Tissue Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics: the cells are small, the cells walls are thin, cells have large nuclei, vacuoles are absent or very small there are no intercellular spaces. Types of Meristematic Tissue Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth. Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth. Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.  slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue] Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue. Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem. slide5-Parenchyma tissue The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food. It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there . In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma . Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma . slide6- Collenchyma tissue In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo

1. Tissue is a group of
cell with similar
shapes and
specialized
function.

2. TISSUES
Plant Tissue
Animal Tissue

3. Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of
two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Plant tissue

4. Meristematic Tissue
• Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells
and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells .
Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability
to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely
packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells.
Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the
following characteristics:
• the cells are small,
• the cells walls are thin,
• cells have large nuclei,
• vacuoles are absent or very small
• there are no intercellular spaces.

5. Types of Meristematic Tissue
• Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem
apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth
in length, i.e. primary growth.
• Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of
the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary
growth.
• Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the
base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the
node.

7. Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain
extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This
process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is
accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the
tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of
two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent
tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of
dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the
ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in
different tissue types and is now specialized to perform
specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups,
simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less
similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting
of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.

9. Parenchyma tissue
• The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed;
with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the
largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing
material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide
support and to store food.
• It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
• In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called
Arenchyma .
• Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .

11. Collenchyma tissue
• In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated
and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell
wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is
present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and
intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell
and vacuoles are generally small or may be absent.
Collenchymas provides flexibility. Collenchymas is present
in leaf stalk; below the epidermis. Due to this, the leaf talk
can easily bend but does not break.

13. Sclerenchyma tissue
The cell wall in sclerenchyma is highly thickened all around.
The cells are dead and intercellular space is absent. In
sclerenchyma lignin is present by which Sclerenchyma
provides structural rigidity to plant . These are the hardest
tissue. For example :- Bark is composed of sclerenchyma.
Another example of sclerenchyma can be seen in the
coconut husk .

14. Sclerenchyma

15. Epidermis
The epidermis is a protective outer covering of plants. It may be
comprised of a single layer in plants. The primary role of the
epidermis is to protect the more susceptible layers of the skin.
In plants, the epidermal cells secrete further protective substance
(called cuticle) to prevent desiccation (water loss). A plant leaf is
lined with two layers of epidermis (i.e. upper and lower): one on
top of and another one below the mesophyll layer. It protects the
plant from any harmful things , like :- fungi , parasites .

16. Stomata
The epidermis of leaves has small pores called
stomata. A stoma is a composed of two guard cells
which regulate the opening and closing of stoma.
Stomata facilitates exchange of gases and
transpiration.

18. Complex Permanent Tissue
• Variety of cells performing same or different function.
• Complex permanent tissue is composed of different
types of cells. Complex permanent tissues are of two
types, viz. xylem and phloem. Xylem and phloem
together make the vascular bundle in plants.

19. Xylem
Xylem tissue helps in conduction of water. Transportation in
xylem is only a way movement , from downwards to upwards
. It transport water from roots to the whole parts of the plant
, in the upwards direction . Xylem is composed of – trachieds ,
vessels , xylem fibre and xylem parenchyma . It is made up of
dead tissues except xylem parenchyma . Xylem fibre gives
support and strength . Trachieds helps in passage of water.
Vessels helps in conduction of water and are present as the
tubulls in the stem .

21. Phloem
Phloem helps in conduction of food material .Phloem is
composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibre
and phloem parenchyma. Made up of live cells except
phloem fibre. Sieve tubes are tubular cells with
perforated walls. Sieve tubes are the conducting
elements of phloem. Phloem is responsible for
translocation of food in plants. It transport food from
leaves to the whole plant .The transport of food in
phloem is a two way movement.

23. Vascular Tissue
• Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue,
formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular
plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are
the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport
fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two
meristems associated with vascular tissue: the
vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the
vascular tissues within a particular plant together
constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.

24. Animal Tissues
• Animal tissues are
of four types, viz.
epithelial tissue,
connective tissue,
muscular tissue
and nervous
tissue.

25. Epithelial Tissue
• The epithelial tissue forms the covering or lining of most of
the organs. The cells of epithelial tissue are tightly packed
and form a continuous sheet. There is small amount of
cementing materials between the cells and no intercellular
space is present. Permeability of the epithelial tissue plays
a great role in exchange of materials among various organs
it also plays an important role in osmoregulation. All
epithelial tissues are separated by the underlying tissue by
an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.

26. Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissue covers external surfaces and internal
cavities and organs. Glands are also composed of
epithelial tissue.
• Epithelia forms boundaries. Most substances that move
into or out of the body must pass through epithelial
tissue.
• One surface of the tissue is free and the other adheres to
a basement membrane.

27. Function of Epithelial Tissue
• Protection
• Epithelial tissue forms the skin of many animals.
• Terrestrial vertebrates have keratin in their skin cells making them resistant to
water loss.
• Ciliated epithelium lines the respiratory tract. Numerous cilia on these cells
sweep impurities toward the throat.
• Absorption
• Absorption is an important function of epithelial tissue. For example, the gut is
lined with epithelial tissue and it functions to absorb nutrients from food. The
lungs are also lined with epithelial tissue and it functions to absorb oxygen.
• Secretion
• Glandular epithelium secretes chemicals.
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the extracellular space.
• Exocrine glands often secrete through DUCTS; they secrete mucus, saliva, wax,
milk, etc.

28. Squamous Epithelial Tissue
• A squamous epithelium tissue is a single layer of flat
cells in contact with the basal lamina (basement
membrane) of the epithelium.[1] This type of
epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small
molecules pass quickly through membranes via
filtration or diffusion. Simple squamous epithelia are
found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and other
tissues where rapid diffusion is required . It is a
protective tissue . It is tightly packed and have no in
cellular spaces .

30. Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue
• A stratified squamous epithelium consists of more than one
(typically many) layers, or strata, of epithelial cells (see
figure). The basal layer of epithelial cells are small and
cuboidal-to-columnar; the cells gradually become larger and
more squamous as the cells migrate from the basal layer to
the apical layer.
• Stratified squamous epithelia are specialized to
withstand the mechanical stresses of abrasion. The apical
layers of epithelial are designed to give way to abrasive forces,
protecting the deeper tissues from the mechanical stress. As
the apical layers of cells give way, they are continuously
replaced by the deeper layers of epithelial cells, all of which
are derived from the highly mitotic cuboidal cells of the basal
layer. Example :- skin

32. Columnar Epithelial Tissue
• Columnar epithelial cells are longer than they are wide.
Characteristically, their nuclei are found at the base of the cell. The
cells are connected by tight junctions. The cells receive nutrients
through the basement membrane, which Simple columnar
epithelial cells are some of the most prolific cells in the body,
mainly because they can fulfill so many functions. They are found
throughout the body's organ system, including the digestive track .
They are found in the respiratory system, including the nasal
passage. Because epithelium can be innervated, simple columnar
epithelial cells can also serve a sensory function: simple columnar
epithelium line the ears and buccal cavity and are found in the eye.
separates the cells from the capillary basal layer. It protects or stop
the unwanted particles to enter our body .

34. Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
• Cuboidal epithelial tissue is a type of tissue in animal
anatomy. It is a very important type of tissue in the human
body. Cuboidal epithelia are found inside the kidneys,
Cuboidal epithelium is only one type of epithelial tissue in
the body. Epithelium is a tissue that lines surfaces and
cavities throughout the body, and cuboidal epithelium is so
named because the cells of the tissue have roughly equal
height, width, and depth, though they may not be exactly
cube-shaped. Each cell has a spherical nucleus in its center.
Other types of epithelium are either disc-shaped, with cell
width exceeding cell height, or column-shaped, with the
height of cells exceeding their width. Cuboidal epithelium
may be simple, consisting of only one layer of cells, or
stratified, consisting of multiple layers. in parts of the eye
and the thyroid. It gives strength to the body parts .

36. Connective Tissue
• The cells of connective tissue are separated by non-living material.
• Connective tissue binds and supports body parts, protects, fills spaces, stores fat (for energy),
and transports materials.
• Structure of Loose and Dense Connective Tissue
• Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue contain three kinds of fibers. Collagen
fibers provide strength and flexibility. Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal bodies.
Elastic fibers provide elasticity. When stretched, they return to their original shape. Reticular
fibers are small and branched. They provide a support framework for organs such as the liver
and lymph nodes.
• The cells of loose and dense connective tissue are called fibroblasts. They produce the fibers
and nonliving matrix material. Macrophages are cells specialized for phagocytizing foreign
materials, bacteria, and cleaning up debris. Macrophages will be discussed in the chapter on
the immune system.
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue.
• Areolar Connective Tissue

37. Connective
tissue
Adipose
tissue
Areolar
tissue
Hyaline
cartilage

38. Adipose Tissue
• Adipose tissue is one of the main types of connective tissue. Its
main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also
cushions and insulates the body. In humans, adipose tissue is
located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal
organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and
in the breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations,
which are referred to as adipose depots. Around organs, it
provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be
a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy
needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by
storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although
some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from
carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself.[3] Adipose
depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical
profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for
hunger and diet to the brain.

39. Areolar Tissue
• Found throughout the body, areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue. It consists of
cells and various properties of the tissue’s intercellular matrix. Cushioning
surrounding organs, connecting different tissues, and supporting blood vessels
represent just a few of the functions of this specific connective tissue.
• Areolar tissue is composed of several cell types. Among the mix of cells are adipose
cells, better known as fat cells, mast cells and macrophages. The remaining
composition includes leukocytes and plasma cells.
• Like other loose connective tissues, areolar connective tissue consists of three
different types of fibers. These fibers include collagenous fibers, elastic fibers and
reticular fibers. Together these fibers make up the traditional weaved appearance of
areolar, and other loose connective tissues.
• The intercellular matrix of areolar tissue is composed of the matrix of collagenous,
elastic and reticular fibers and ground substance. Proteins and proteoglycans
contribute to the makeup of ground substance. Ground substance works to hold
together the various properties of this tissue.
• Various cells and properties of the intercellular matrix of this tissue can be seen
under a microscope. Under the microscope collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers
appear as pink bands of varying widths arranged in no distinct pattern. Fibroblasts
may appear as dark dots with finger-like extensions. The surrounding substance,
referred to as the ground substance, appears as a light stain on microscope slides but
may be difficult to see.

40. Hyaline Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage is semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in color. It is
extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic. Hyaline cartilage consists of
living cells, chondrocytes, which are situated far apart in fluid-filled spaces, the
lacunae. There is an extensive amount of rubbery matrix between the cells and
the matrix contains a number of collagenous fibres. Hyaline cartilage occurs in
trachea, the larynx, the tip of the nose, in the connection between the ribs and
the breastbone and also the ends of bone where they form joints. Temporary
cartilage in mammalian embryos also consists of hyaline cartilage.
Functions :-
• Reduces friction at joints. By virtue of the smooth surface of hyaline cartilage,
it provides a sliding area which reduces friction, thus facilitating bone
movement.
• Movement Hyaline cartilage joins bones firmly together in such a way that a
certain amount of movement is still possible between them.
• Support The c-shaped cartilaginous rings in the windpipes (trachea and
bronchi) assist in keeping those tubes open.
• Growth Hyaline cartilage is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone in
the neck regions of the long bones.

41. Muscle Tissue
• Muscular tissue is composed of muscle cells. Muscle cells
are specialized cells which have the capability to contract
and expand. Due to contraction and expansion, muscles
facilitate various kinds of movements in the body. Muscles
contain special proteins called contractile proteins , which
contract and relax to cause movement. Muscular tissues are
of three types:
• Striated muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle

42. Striated Muscle Tissue
• striated muscle, also called voluntary muscle, striped
muscle, or skeletal muscle , most common of the three
types of muscle in the body. Striated muscle is
attached to bone and produces all the movements of
body parts in relation to each other; unlike smooth
muscle and cardiac muscle, striated muscle is under
voluntary control. Its multinucleated fibres are long
and thin and are crossed with a regular pattern of fine
red and white lines, giving the muscle its distinctive
appearance and its name.

44. Smooth muscle tissue
• Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. Smooth
muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth
muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle) such as
in the tunica media layer of large (aorta) and small arteries,
arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic
vessels, the respiratory tract, erector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle,
and iris of the eye. The structure and function is basically the same
in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli
differ substantially, in order to perform individual effects in the
body at individual times. In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys
contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells. Smooth
muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines
and stomach. They work automatically without you being aware of
them. Smooth muscles are involved in many 'housekeeping'
functions of the body. The muscular walls of your intestines
contract to push food through your body

46. Cardiac muscle tissue
• Cardiac muscle tissue is an extremely specialized form of muscle tissue
that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body. In fact, cardiac
muscle is only found in the heart and makes up the bulk of the heart’s
mass. The heart beats powerfully and continuously throughout an entire
lifetime without any rest, so cardiac muscle has evolved to have
incredibly high contractile strength and endurance. And because the
heart maintains its own rhythm, cardiac muscle has developed the ability
to quickly spread electrochemical signals so that all of the cells in the
heart can contract together as a team. Cardiac muscle tissue is made up
of many interlocking cardiac muscle cells, or fibers, that give the tissue
its properties. Each cardiac muscle fiber contains a single nucleus and is
striated, or striped, because it appears to have light and dark bands when
seen through a microscope. The dark bands represent areas of thick
protein filaments made of myosin proteins that block light passing
through the cell and appear dark. Between the dark bands are thin
filaments made of actin protein that allow light to pass through and
appear light. When the muscle fibers contract, myosin pulls the actin
filaments together like an accordion to shrink the muscle cell and make it
contract. While each cell is not very strong by itself, millions of cardiac
muscle cells working together are easily able to pump all of the blood in
the body through the heart in less than a minute.

48. Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue makes the nervous system and is composed of
specialized cells called neuron. A neuron can be divided into two
distinct parts, viz. head and tail. The head is somewhat star-shaped
and contains nucleus and some other cell organelles. This is called
cyton. There are numerous hair-like outgrowths coming out of the
cyton. These are called dendrites. The tail ends in axon terminals.
Dendrites receive the nerve impulse, while axon relays the nerve
signals.

51. Presented By :-
Prakriti
Anjali
Shivani Joshia
Yamini