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Understanding Intercultural
  Communication Second Edition
   Chapter 12

   How Can We Become Ethical
   Intercultural Communicators?

   Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung



   OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig
TODAY‟S MENU
I. Intercultural Communication Ethics:
     Contemporary Issues

II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing
   Pros     and Cons

III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible
      Intercultural Communicators
I. Intercultural Communication
Ethics:
  Contemporary Issues

Ethics: set of principles of conduct that
 governs behavior of individuals and
 groups; a set of standards that uphold
 the community‟s expectations
 concerning “right” and “wrong”
 conduct.
I. Intercultural Communication
Ethics:
  Contemporary Issues


Discussion Questions:

•   From where did you learn your ethical
    position?
•   Does it differ from that of the larger
    culture to which you belong? How?
I. Intercultural Communication
Ethics:
  Contemporary Issues
Global Standard Procedure and Local
  Justice Issues:

Five-phase ethical decision-making model:
   1.   Problem recognition
   2.   Information search
   3.   Construction of alternatives
   4.   Decision making choice
   5.   Implementation
I. Intercultural Communication
Ethics:
  Contemporary Issues
Media Activity: Click here to view the
 Kenyan tradition of „beading‟

Discussion Questions:
  • Can you apply the five-phase ethical
    decision-making model to this ethical
    dilemma?
  • Can you brainstorm some creative
    alternative solutions for this dilemma?
  • How would you go about approaching
    traditional Kenyans to explain your views
I. Intercultural Communication
Ethics:
  Contemporary Issues
B. Corporate Responsibility and Local
  Customary Practice
 Ethical algorithm formula for local cultural
 hiring practices.
  • Two conflict types: moral reasoning (a)
    related to and (b) not related to economic
    development in country.
  • Two questions:
   o   (1) Is it possible to conduct business successfully
       without undertaking the practice? and
   o   (2) Is practice a violation of fundamental
       international human rights?
I. Intercultural Communication
    Ethics:
      Contemporary Issues
C. Cultural Value Clash & Communication
   Preference

•  “Universalistic” or “impartial” value
     orientation: believe a set of consistent
     rules should apply to all individuals,
     regardless of relationship types or
     circumstances.
• “Particularistic” value orientation: nature
  of relationship or situation guides
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons

Three ethical positions used to assess
 ethical violations in diverse cultures:

A. Ethical Absolutism Position
B. Ethical Relativism Position
C. Ethical Universalism Position
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
A. Ethical Absolutism Position
• Emphasizes principles of right and
  wrong (good and bad behavior) in
  accordance with a set of assumed
  universally fixed standards regardless
  of cultural differences.
• Universality: one set of consistent
  standards guides behavior on a global
  level, and cultural context is minimized.
  The standards, however, are often
  reflective of dominant or power-holder
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
B. Ethical Relativism Position

•   Emphasizes the importance of
    understanding cultural context and its
    underlying traditions, beliefs, and value
    patterns in judging conduct.
•   Relativists emphasize that
    ethical/unethical practices should be
    understood from cultural insiders‟
    viewpoint.
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
C. Ethical Universalism Position
• Emphasizes importance of deriving
  inclusive universal ethical standards and
  then placing ethical judgments against
  these derived, all-encompassing
  standards.
• Judgments require knowledge about
  underlying similarities across cultures
  and about the unique features of a
  culture and involve collaborative dialog,
  open attitudes, and hard work from all
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical      Ethical      Ethical
          Absolutism   Relativism   Universalism
Pros
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical      Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism   Universalism
Pros      Fixed
          standards for
          all practices
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of
          standards for   culture
          all practices   seriously
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of   Involves
          standards for   culture         collaborative
          all practices   seriously       dialog, open
                                          attitudes
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of   Involves
          standards for   culture         collaborative
          all practices   seriously       dialog, open
                                          attitudes
Cons
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of   Involves
          standards for   culture         collaborative
          all practices   seriously       dialog, open
                                          attitudes
Cons      Culturally
          imposed
          perspective
          by dominant
          culture, and
          nondominant
          cultures are
          marginalized.
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of   Involves
          standards for   culture         collaborative
          all practices   seriously       dialog, open
                                          attitudes
Cons      Culturally      Encourages
          imposed         too much
          perspective     cultural
          by dominant     flexibility,
          culture, and    may
          nondominant     perpetuate
          cultures are    intolerable
          marginalized    cultural
                          practices by
                          being too
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
          Ethical         Ethical         Ethical
          Absolutism      Relativism      Universalism
Pros      Fixed           Takes role of   Involves
          standards for   culture         collaborative
          all practices   seriously       dialog, open
                                          attitudes
Cons      Culturally      Encourages      Requires hard
          imposed         too much        work from all;
          perspective     cultural        most using
          by dominant     flexibility,    this position
          culture, and    may             are “imposed
          nondominant     perpetuate      ethics,”
          cultures are    intolerable     relying heavily
          marginalized.   cultural        on
                          practices by    Eurocentric
                          being too       moral
II. Multiple Ethical Positions:
Assessing
   Pros and Cons
D. Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position:
 An Alternative 4th Position:
  Meta-ethics: ethical way of thinking that
     transcends particular ideologies; the
     application of ethics is understood only
     through systematic analysis of the
  multiple layers of the ethical dilemma
  • Strength: emphasizes fact-finding and layered
    interpretations, takes into serious consideration
    importance of culture, context, persons, etc.
  • Problem: time-consuming approach
III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible
    Intercultural Communicators
A meta-ethical decision is a discovery
 process—into our own values,
 inconsistencies—and prompts us to
 gather multiple-level information.

  • Can you think of creative solutions other
    than the ones investigated?
  • Is there a way to prevent similar ethical
        dilemmas or pressures from arising in
    the       future in this culture?
III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible
    Intercultural Communicators
B. Becoming Flexible: Final Passport
   Do-Ables
• Practice parallel thinking.
• Responsibility for peace lies with each
  of us—starts with inner peace.
• Dynamic flexibility: integrating
  knowledge, open-minded attitude,
  culture-sensitive skills, and
  communicating ethically with culturally
  dissimilar others.
Final Parting Thoughts…




An intercultural life is a creative life that demands
 both playfulness and mindfulness in transforming
one’s intercultural journey into a discovery process.
                       ~ Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva
Chung

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Chapter12

  • 1. Understanding Intercultural Communication Second Edition Chapter 12 How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators? Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig
  • 2. TODAY‟S MENU I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible Intercultural Communicators
  • 3. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Ethics: set of principles of conduct that governs behavior of individuals and groups; a set of standards that uphold the community‟s expectations concerning “right” and “wrong” conduct.
  • 4. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Discussion Questions: • From where did you learn your ethical position? • Does it differ from that of the larger culture to which you belong? How?
  • 5. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Global Standard Procedure and Local Justice Issues: Five-phase ethical decision-making model: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Construction of alternatives 4. Decision making choice 5. Implementation
  • 6. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Media Activity: Click here to view the Kenyan tradition of „beading‟ Discussion Questions: • Can you apply the five-phase ethical decision-making model to this ethical dilemma? • Can you brainstorm some creative alternative solutions for this dilemma? • How would you go about approaching traditional Kenyans to explain your views
  • 7. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues B. Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice Ethical algorithm formula for local cultural hiring practices. • Two conflict types: moral reasoning (a) related to and (b) not related to economic development in country. • Two questions: o (1) Is it possible to conduct business successfully without undertaking the practice? and o (2) Is practice a violation of fundamental international human rights?
  • 8. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues C. Cultural Value Clash & Communication Preference • “Universalistic” or “impartial” value orientation: believe a set of consistent rules should apply to all individuals, regardless of relationship types or circumstances. • “Particularistic” value orientation: nature of relationship or situation guides
  • 9. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Three ethical positions used to assess ethical violations in diverse cultures: A. Ethical Absolutism Position B. Ethical Relativism Position C. Ethical Universalism Position
  • 10. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons A. Ethical Absolutism Position • Emphasizes principles of right and wrong (good and bad behavior) in accordance with a set of assumed universally fixed standards regardless of cultural differences. • Universality: one set of consistent standards guides behavior on a global level, and cultural context is minimized. The standards, however, are often reflective of dominant or power-holder
  • 11. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons B. Ethical Relativism Position • Emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural context and its underlying traditions, beliefs, and value patterns in judging conduct. • Relativists emphasize that ethical/unethical practices should be understood from cultural insiders‟ viewpoint.
  • 12. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons C. Ethical Universalism Position • Emphasizes importance of deriving inclusive universal ethical standards and then placing ethical judgments against these derived, all-encompassing standards. • Judgments require knowledge about underlying similarities across cultures and about the unique features of a culture and involve collaborative dialog, open attitudes, and hard work from all
  • 13. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros
  • 14. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed standards for all practices
  • 15. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of standards for culture all practices seriously
  • 16. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes
  • 17. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons
  • 18. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally imposed perspective by dominant culture, and nondominant cultures are marginalized.
  • 19. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally Encourages imposed too much perspective cultural by dominant flexibility, culture, and may nondominant perpetuate cultures are intolerable marginalized cultural practices by being too
  • 20. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally Encourages Requires hard imposed too much work from all; perspective cultural most using by dominant flexibility, this position culture, and may are “imposed nondominant perpetuate ethics,” cultures are intolerable relying heavily marginalized. cultural on practices by Eurocentric being too moral
  • 21. II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons D. Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position: An Alternative 4th Position: Meta-ethics: ethical way of thinking that transcends particular ideologies; the application of ethics is understood only through systematic analysis of the multiple layers of the ethical dilemma • Strength: emphasizes fact-finding and layered interpretations, takes into serious consideration importance of culture, context, persons, etc. • Problem: time-consuming approach
  • 22. III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible Intercultural Communicators A meta-ethical decision is a discovery process—into our own values, inconsistencies—and prompts us to gather multiple-level information. • Can you think of creative solutions other than the ones investigated? • Is there a way to prevent similar ethical dilemmas or pressures from arising in the future in this culture?
  • 23. III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible Intercultural Communicators B. Becoming Flexible: Final Passport Do-Ables • Practice parallel thinking. • Responsibility for peace lies with each of us—starts with inner peace. • Dynamic flexibility: integrating knowledge, open-minded attitude, culture-sensitive skills, and communicating ethically with culturally dissimilar others.
  • 24. Final Parting Thoughts… An intercultural life is a creative life that demands both playfulness and mindfulness in transforming one’s intercultural journey into a discovery process. ~ Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva Chung