comprehensive study

1. 3G
&
4G 101/01/2017

2. IN THE NAME
OF GOD
01/01/2017 2

3. PHONE SUBSCRIBERS NOW
EXCEEDS
WIRELESS :
THE WORD WIRELESS IN DICTIONARY DEFINED “HAVING NO WIRES
MOBILITY:
HANDLING THE USER WHO CHANGES POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO NETWORK
301/01/2017

4. DISADVANTAGE :
DECREASED SIGNAL STRENGTH
INTERFERENCE FROM OTHER SOURCES
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
…
ADVANTAGE :
CONSTANT CONNECTION
ACCESS TO UP TO DATE INFORMATION
NO CABLES
EXTENSIBILITY
FREEDOM TO ROAM
…
401/01/2017

5. WIRELESS INTRODUCTION :
1. INFRASTRUCTURE MODE : EXAMPLE (Wifi)
network
infrastructure
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6. 2. AD HOC MODE :
EXAMPLE (BLUETOOTH)
601/01/2017

7. CELLULAR NETWORK BASICS :
CELLULAR NETWORK/TELEPHONY IS A RADIO-BASED TECHNOLOGY; RADIO
WAVES ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THAT ANTENNAS PROPAGATE
MOST SIGNALS ARE IN THE 850 MHZ, 900 MHZ, 1800 MHZ, AND 1900 MHZ
FREQUENCY BANDS
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)
701/01/2017

8. Cellular Network :
Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned spectrum
Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
The service area of each base station is called a cell
Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base stations
Handoff when terminals move
801/01/2017

9. COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE :
Benefits :
More capacity due to spectral reuse
Lower transmission power due to smaller
transmitter/receiver distances
reduced power usage
larger coverage area
reduced interference from other signals
WORKING
901/01/2017

10. Cellular Network Generations :
It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of
generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony
3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)
1001/01/2017

11. EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR NETWORKS :
1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
1101/01/2017

12. 1G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY:
DEVELOPED IN 1980
Using Analog signals
focus on voice
It's Speed was up to 2.4kbps.
Frequency typically 150MHz & above
DRAWBACKS OF 1G:
Poor battery
Poor voice quality
Large in size
No security
no data service
incompatible standards
Frequency call drop
1201/01/2017

13. 2G Wireless Technology :
developed in 1991
digital transmission technology
GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS)
THE PROTOCOLS FOR SECOND-GENERATION (2G)
It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message).
It’s data speed was up to 64kbps.
It provides better quality and capacity
Drawbacks Of 2G :
Weaker digital signal
These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.
Reduce range of sound
1301/01/2017

14. 2.5 G :
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)
SERVICES :
MMS & SMS
SEARCH AND DIRECTORY
2.75 G :
ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM EVOLUTION (EDGE (ENHACED GPRS))
WORKS ONLY ON GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS)
NETWORK
1401/01/2017

15. 3G OVERVIEW :
3G, SHORT FOR THIRD GENERATION, IS THE THIRD GENERATION
OF WIRELESS MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
3G IS CREATED BY ITU IN 2004 AND IS CALLED IMT-2000
APPLICATIONS ARE :
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE MONITORING USING 3G NETWORK.
VIDEO CONFERENCING FROM ANYWHERE USING 3G NETWORK.
MAKING REMOTE ACCESS NETWORK CONNECTIVITY FOR SMALL BRANCHES
ENABLING (PARTIAL) ACCESS TO CRITICAL ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS LIKE ERP, CRM, BUSINESS
INTELLIGENCE ON YOUR MOBILE PHONE USING 3G NETWORK.
REDUCE LONG DISTANCE VOICE CALL CHARGES USING VOIP COMMUNICATIONS AND 3G
NETWORK.
3G NETWORK AS THE BACK-UP (OR) EVEN PRIMARY INTERNET ACCESS METHOD FOR SMB
COMPANIES.
1501/01/2017

16. THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS ARE TYPICALLY BRANDED 3G:
UTMS :
(UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE) SYSTEM
STANDARDIZED BY 3GPP (3RD GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT )
HSDPA :
HIGH-SPEED DOWNLINK PACKET ACCESS
HIGH DATA TRANSFER SPEED (UP TO 8- 10 MBPS)
1601/01/2017

17. CDMA :
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS EACH SYMBOL OF BIT
IS TRANSMITTEDAS A LARGER NUMBER
OF BITS USINGTHE USER SPECIFIC CODE
TDMA :
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS TIME IS DIVIDED
INTO SLOTS AND ONLY ONE MOBILE TERMINAL
TRANSMITS DURING EACH SLOT
FDMA:
Frequency division multiple access Each mobile
is assigned a separate frequency channel for
the duration of the call
1701/01/2017

18. ADVANTAGES OF 3G:
A. RICH MULTI MEDIA SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE
B. BANDWIDTH, SECURITY AND RELIABILITY ARE MORE
C. PROVIDES INTEROPERABILITY AMONG SERVICE PROVIDERS
D. AVAILABILITY OF FIXED AND VARIABLE RATES
E. SUPPORT TO DEVICES WITH BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING
NETWORKS
F. ALWAYS ONLINE DEVICES – 3G USES IP CONNECTIVITY WHICH IS PACKET
BASED
…
DISADVANTAGES OF 3G:
A. THE COST OF CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE , UPGRADING BASE STATIONS
IS VERY HIGH
B. NEEDS DIFFERENT HANDSETS.
C. ROAMING AND DATA/VOICE WORK TOGETHER HAS NOT YET BEEN
IMPLEMENTED
D. POWER CONSUMPTION IS HIGH
E. REQUIRES CLOSER BASE STATIONS AND ARE EXPENSIVE
…
1801/01/2017

19. 3G VS 4G
1901/01/2017

20. 2001/01/2017

21. 01/01/2017 21

22. HISTORY:
•The 4G system was originally envisioned by IEEE & the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
• The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and
end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and in peer-to-peer
networking.
2201/01/2017

23. COMPARISON OF LTE SPEED
2301/01/2017

24. WHY 4G OVER 3G?
• 4G (LTE) is quicker than 3G
• 4G holds:
less buffering
better audio quality
improved gaming experience
streaming services with reduced lag.
• Our 4G Plus network uses the 2300 & 2600 & 3500 MHz frequency bands
• Our 3G Plus network uses the 900 & 1800 & 1900 & 2100 MHz frequency bands
2401/01/2017

25. THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 3G & 4G
Parameters 3G 4G
Main Feature Voice & data Converged data & VoIP
Architecture Wide area cell based
Integration of Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi),
Blue Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 – 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 kbps – 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 OFDM
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
IP Multiple Version All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational 2002 2010
2501/01/2017

26. 2601/01/2017

27. COMPONENTS OF 4G:
• There are some components which makes the successful 4G systems they are:
a) OFDMA
b) MIMO
c) IPv6.0
d) Spectral efficiency of 4G
e) SDR(Software Defined Radio)
f) Smart antennas
2701/01/2017

28. OFDMA
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access.
• It captures entire energy
• Only few signals are affected or lost in OFDM while compared to CDMA in
3G.
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29. 2901/01/2017

30. 3001/01/2017

31. 3101/01/2017

32. MAJOR 4G RADIO TECHNOGIES
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for
downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by
handsets)
3201/01/2017

33. 3301/01/2017

34. 3401/01/2017

35. 3501/01/2017

36. MIMO
MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output):
• improve the communication performance between sender and receiver
• range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency are high.
• Till 8 antennas in download and 4 antennas in upload
3601/01/2017

37. 3701/01/2017

38. IPV6.0:
THE IP ADDRESS IS BASED ON IPV6.
IPV4: X . X . X . X (32 BITS)
EXAMPLE: 216.37.129.9
IPV6:4 × IPV4 (128 BITS)
EXAMPLE:
216.37.129.9 , 79.23.178.229 , 65.198.2.10 , 192.168.5.120
home
address
care-of
address
mobile IP
address
local network
address
3801/01/2017

39. IPv4 IPv6
Structure 32 bits 128 bits
Security Poor security Enhance security
Function Addressing
1. Multi-fun. and mobile fun. are
built-in
2. Plug & Play (Auto-
Configuration)
IPV4 VS. IPV6
3901/01/2017

40. 4001/01/2017

41. 4101/01/2017

42. 4201/01/2017

43. 4G APPLICATIONS (1/3)
Apps Definition
Virtual Presence • Uses hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial
presence just about anywhere. For example, decide if you want to personally
respond when someone rings your front door while you are away from home.
• This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
Virtual Navigation provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a
database of the streets, buildings etc.
• A remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and
physical characteristics of a large metropolis.
• Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a
rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead.
Tele Geo-processing
applications
Combination of GIS(Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning
System) in which a user can get the location by querying.
Tele Medicine and
Education
&
Crisis Management
Tele Medicine and Education:
4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For people who are interested
in life long education, 4G provides a good opportunity.
Crisis Management:
Natural disasters can cause break down in communication systems. In today’s world
it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to
restore such crisis issues in a few hours.
4301/01/2017

44. Apps Definition
Sensors in public
vehicle
• Putting a chemical‐biological‐nuclear (CBN) warning sensor on every
government‐owned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet that is the equivalent
of an army of highly trained dogs.
• As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage
collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc. The sensors on the vehicles can
talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive
detection can be reported in real time.
• Since 4G networks can include inherent geo‐location without GPS, first
responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects it.
Camera in traffic light
• Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic lights and send those
images back to a central command center. This is generally done using fiber,
which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no camera.
• 4G networks allow cities to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly.
Fast Route Selection
&
Traffic control during
disasters
Fast Route Selection
• Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center
back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query
various cameras to choose an alternate route.
• Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a
decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to
side roads.
Traffic control during disasters
• 4G networks can allow officials to access traffic control boxes to change inland
traffic lanes to green. Instead of having to send officers to every box on roads
being overwhelmed by civilians who are evacuating, it can all be done remotely,
and dynamically.
4401/01/2017

45. ADVANTAGE OF 4G:
• Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.
• Entirely Packet-Switched networks.
• Better response time. 10 times better then 3G
• Works at 2.6GHz frequency
• Less time to build 4G
• It use the same tower and fiber cables as 3Gs - they only have to upgrade
the towers with 4G components.
• Scalability of mobile network.
4501/01/2017

46. Thank you
Mohammad pooya malek : +989379595379 mopoma1995@gmail.com
Mohammad ahmadi: +989366805665
4601/01/2017

47. 4701/01/2017

48. REFERENCES
 https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/4G_Wireless_systems
 http://connectindia-2011.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html
 http://www.slideshare.net/cgoyal4/generations-of-mobile-
communicationg-vs
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/210781507/4g
 http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9789332508156/23dot-next-
generation-cellular-technology-4g/c23s9_xhtml
 https://about4glte.wordpress.com/applications/
• http://mobilebroadband.ir
• http://www.slideshare.net/3G
4801/01/2017