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Transformers Project report
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Tanuj Gupta
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16. Post
 Vaibhav SharmaHey! If you are a class 12 student and looking for physics investigatory
projects, do not miss CoolJunk DIY(do-it-yourself) physics kits: www.cooljunk.in/physics-project-
kits
Using step-by-step visual instructions & detailed theory manual, you can make your physics
investigatory project within hours & score 100% marks in practical. Here is the list of topic based
projects for class 12:
1. Verification of Kirchhoff Laws and Ohms Law
2. Variable Resistors: Potentiometer, Preset & LDR: Sequential glowing of LEDs, Internal structure
of potentiometer/preset, Working of LDR
3. Capacitors-Charging and Discharging With Resistors & Time Constants
4. Relay & Electromagnetism- Burglar Alarm, Alternate Switching, Oscillator
5. Diode- VI Characteristics & Working, Low Resistance Path, Protection Device
6. OR and AND Digital Logic Gates using Diodes
7. NOR and NAND Digital Logic Gates using Diodes
8. Zener Diode- Working & Reverse Breakdown Voltage, Voltage Regulator
9. Transistor as Amplifier & Switch: Cut-off, Active & Saturation Regions
10. Touch Activated Switch (Passing current through body) using a Transistor
11. Darlington Pair (Multi-stage amplifier using transistors)
12. Automatic Night Lamp using transistor and LDR
13. OR and AND Logic Gates using Transistors
14. NOR and NAND Logic Gates using Transistors
15. NOT Gate (Transistor as an Inverter)
16. LED Blinker (or Flasher) using a Transistor
17. H-Bridge (Motor-driving circuit used in robotics) using transistors
18. DC Motor: Studying relation between RPM and Voltage
19. Wheatstone Bridge: Calculating the unknown resistance using two fixed resistors and a variable
resistor (potentiometer)
20. Full-wave Bridge Rectifier (Using diodes and a 12V AC transformer)
21. Full-wave rectifier using diodes and a center-tapped 12V AC transformer
22. Joule Thief: Drawing energy from a dead cell using an inductor
23. IR (Infrared) Security or Intrusion Alarm System
24. Temperature Sensor using a thermistor4 months ago
Transcript
 1. DASMESH PARIVARINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL PROJECT REPORT ON TRANSFORMERS
Submitted By: TANUJ GUPTA CLASS: XII ROLL NO: ________________
 2. They are so important in our livesthat without them even the electricbells fitted in our homes won’twork.

17.  3. CertificateThis is to certify that Tanuj Gupta, student of Class XII, Dasmesh Parivar InternationalSchool,
has completed the project titled Transformers during the academic year 2012-2013 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practicalevaluation of CBSE2013, and submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under mysupervision._________________Department of PhysicsDasmesh
Parivar International School
 4. Acknowledgements"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise
toonly as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put aveneer over true feelings,
which are of gratitude at this point of time."I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics
mentor for his vitalsupport, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would nothave come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of theDepartment of Physics at Dasmesh Parivar
International School for their supportduring the making of this project. TANUJ GUPTA
 5. INTRODUCTIONThe transformer is a device used for converting alow alternating voltage to a high
alternatingvoltage or a high alternating voltage into a lowalternating voltage. It is a static electrical
devicethat transfers energy by inductive couplingbetween its winding circuits. Transformers range insize
from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformerhidden inside a stage microphone to huge unitsweighing
hundreds of tons used in power plantsubstations or to interconnect portions of thepower grid. All operate on
the same basicprinciples, although the range of designs is wide.While new technologies have eliminated the
needfor transformers in some electronic circuits,transformers are still found in many electronicdevices.
Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makeslong-distance
transmission economically practical.A transformer is most widely used device in bothlow and high current
circuit. In a transformer, theelectrical energy transfer from one circuit toanother circuit takes place without
the use ofmoving parts. A transformer which increases thevoltages is called a step-up transformer. A
 6. transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages iscalled a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essentialpiece of apparatus both for high and low currentcircuits. Close-up of single-phase pole
mount transformer.
 7. PRINCIPLEIt is based on the principle of mutual induction thatis if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
theninduced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboringcircuit. The varying current in a circuit producevarying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in theneighboring circuit.
 8. CONSTRUCTIONA transformer consists of a rectangular shaft ironcore made of laminated sheets, well
insulated fromone another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 arewound on the same core, but are well
insulatedwith each other. Note that the both the coils areinsulated from the core, the source of
alternatinge.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and aload resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
thesecondary coil through an open switch S. thusthere can be no current through the sec. coil solong as the
switch is open. For an idealtransformer, we assume that the resistance of theprimary & secondary winding
is negligible. Further,the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core isalso negligible. For operation at low
frequency, wemay have a soft iron. The soft iron core isinsulating by joining thin iron strips coated
withvarnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses
 9. by eddy currents. The input circuit is calledprimary. And the output circuit is called secondary. An ideal
voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the
(not shown) load impedance. The ideal transformer as a circuit element
 10. THEORY AND WORKINGWhen an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primarycoil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it.The altering current in the primary produces achanging magnetic flux, which
induces alteringvoltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic fluxlinked with primary is also linked with thesecondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
ineach turn of the secondary is equal to that inducedin each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es bethe
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced inthe primary and the secondary and Np and Ns arethe no. of

18. turns of the primary secondary coils ofthe transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change offlux in each turn of
the coil at this instant, we haveEp = -Np Dфь/dt (1)
 11. Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)Since the above relations are true at every instant,so by dividing 2 by 1, we get Es /
Ep = - Ns / Np (3)As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.finduced in the primary coil p1, so
theinstantaneous current in primary coil is due to thedifference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values ofthe
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is theresistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneouscurrent Ip in the
primary coil is given by I =E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp
 12. When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ipcan be neglected so therefore E – Ep = 0 or Ep =
EThus back e.m.f = input e.m.fHence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E= output e.m.f / input
e.m.f = Ns / Np = KWhere K is constant, called turn or transformationratio.In a step up transformer Es > E
so K > 1, hence Ns > NpIn a step down transformer Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < NpIf Ip=value of primary
current at the same instant t
 13. And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip andOutput power at
the same instant = Es IsIf there are no losses of power in the transformer,then Input power = output power
or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / E p = Ip / Is = KIn a step up transformerAs k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < IpI.e. current in
sec. is weaker when secondaryvoltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain involtage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.Similarly it can be shown, that in a step downtransformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gainin current in the same ratio.Thus a step up
 14. transformer in reality steps down the current & astep down transformer steps up the current.BASIC
IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERBASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER
 15. EFFICIENCYEfficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio ofoutput power to the input power i.e.η
= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep IpThus in an ideal transformer, where there is nopower losses, η =
1. But in actual practice, thereare many power losses; therefore the efficiency oftransformer is less than one.
 16. ENERGY LOSSESIn practice, the output energy of a transformer is alwaysless than the input energy,
because energy losses occurdue to a number of reasons as explained below.1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The
coupling between thecoils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic fluxproduced by the primary coil is
not linked up with thesecondary coil.2. Iron Loss:In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,Eddy currents
are produced. The magnitude of eddycurrent may, however be small. And a part of energy islost as the heat
produced in the iron core.3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformerpossess resistance. So a
part of the energy is lost due tothe heat produced in the resistance of the coil.4. Hysteresis Loss: The
alternating current in the coiltapes the iron core through complete cycle ofmagnetization. So Energy is lost
due to hysteresis.5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
 17. Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations andsound may be produced. It is called humming.
Thus, apart of energy may be lost due to humming. USES OF TRANSFORMERA transformer is used in
almost all a.c. operations In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc. In the
induction furnaces. Astep down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down transformer is used
for obtaining large current. Astep up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 18. Transformers are used in the transmissions ofa.c. over long distances.Small transformers are used in
Radio sets,telephones, loud speakers and electric bellsetc. A Big Transformer
 19. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics The End www.scribd.com  www.wikipedia.com 
www.google.com BibliographyThe data used in this project was taken from thefollowing sources:
 English

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