Methodology of Research - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
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Methodology of Research Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis -Assumption defined -Assumption in Research -Assumption -Hypothesis defined -Importance of Hypothesis in Research -Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis -Sources of Hypothesis -Types of Hypothesis
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Methodology of Research - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
- 3. Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem
- 4. Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem Christian Paul Peligro
- 5. Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
- 8. Assumption defined (meriam-webster) Origin of ASSUMPTION Middle English, from Late Latin assumption-, assumptio taking up, from Latin assumere First Known Use: 13th century
- 9. Assumption defined (meriam-webster) an assuming that something is true
- 10. Assumption defined a realistic expectation which is something we believe to be true
- 11. Assumption defined However, no adequate evidence exists to support this belief
- 12. Assumption defined In other words, it is an act of faith which does not have empirical evidence to support it
- 13. Assumption defined Provides a basis to develop theories and research instruments and, therefore, influences the development of the research process
- 14. Assumption defined statements that are considered true without being scientifically tested
- 16. Assumption in Research research is built upon assumptions since a foundation is needed to move forward.
- 17. Assumption in Research One must assume something to discover something
- 18. Assumption in Research Assumptions are good sources of research topics
- 19. Assumption in Research provides basis in conducting a research studies
- 20. Assumption in Research tested assumptions through research expands the professional’s body of knowledge
- 22. Assumption
- 23. ASSUMPTION
- 26. ASSUMPTION Universal Assumptions Assumptions Based on Theories Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research
- 27. ASSUMPTION Universal Assumptions Assumptions Based on Theories Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research Warranted Assumptions
- 28. ASSUMPTION Universal Assumptions Assumptions Based on Theories Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research Warranted Assumptions Unwarranted Assumptions
- 30. Universal Assumption beliefs that are assumed to be true by a large part of society, albeit testing such is not always possible
- 31. Universal Assumption i.e. people either go to heaven or hell right after they die; people go to purgatory if they die without baptism
- 32. Assumptions Based on Theories
- 33. Assumptions Based on Theories assumptions may be drawn from theories
- 34. Assumptions Based on Theories When used in a research study, an assumption based on a theory may become the assumption of the research study
- 35. Assumptions Based on Theories assumptions may be drawn from theories
- 36. Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research
- 37. Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research some “common-sense” assumptions may be developed to conduct a particular study
- 38. Assumptions Needed to Conduct a Research i.e. people in urban cities have higher risk of lung cancer (due to air pollution) than those in rural areas
- 40. Warranted Assumptions stated with evidence that supports it
- 41. Warranted Assumptions i.e. praying regularly brings success because they boost morale
- 43. Unwarranted Assumptions stated without evidence supporting it
- 44. Unwarranted Assumptions i.e. God is everywhere
- 47. Hypothesis Defined a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study
- 48. Hypothesis Defined helps translate the research problem and objectives into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the research study
- 49. Hypothesis Defined includes the variables to be manipulated or measured, identifies the population to be examined, and indicates the proposed outcome of the study
- 50. Hypothesis Defined implies that there is a systematic relationship between an independent and a dependent variable
- 51. Hypothesis Defined a shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explained observed facts or conditions, and to guide in further investigation
- 52. Importance of Hypothesis in Research
- 53. Importance of Hypothesis in Research enables the researcher to objectively investigate new areas of discovery, thus providing a powerful tool for the advancement of knowledge
- 54. Importance of Hypothesis in Research provides objectivity to the research activity
- 55. Importance of Hypothesis in Research provides direction to conduct a research such as defining the sources and relevance of data
- 56. Importance of Hypothesis in Research provides clear and specific goals to the researchers which, in turn, will give basis for selecting sample and research procedures to meet these goals
- 57. Importance of Hypothesis in Research provides link between theories and actual practical research
- 58. Importance of Hypothesis in Research provides a bridge between theory and reality
- 59. Importance of Hypothesis in Research suggests which type of research is likely to be most appropriate
- 60. Importance of Hypothesis in Research stimulates the cognitive skills of the researcher
- 61. Importance of Hypothesis in Research determines the most appropriate research designs and techniques of data analysis
- 62. Importance of Hypothesis in Research serves as framework for drawing conclusions of a research study
- 63. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
- 64. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Conceptual Clarity
- 65. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Conceptual Clarity should consist of clearly defined and understandable concepts. It should be stated in very simple terms, the meaning & implication of which cannot be doubted. To facilitate the conceptual clarity, hypothesis can be stated in a declarative statement, in present tense.
- 66. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Empirical referents
- 67. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Empirical referents Research must have an ultimate empirical referent. No usable hypothesis can embody moral judgments. A good hypothesis must have empirical basis from the area of inquiry
- 68. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Objectivity
- 69. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Objectivity Hypothesis must be objective, which facilitates objectivity in data collection & keeps the research activity free from researcher-value judgment
- 70. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Specificity
- 71. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Specificity It should be specific, not general, & should explain the expected relations between variables. i.e. regular yoga reduces stress
- 72. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Relevant
- 73. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Relevant The hypothesis should be relevant to the problem being studied, as well as the objectives of the study. Hypothesis must have relevance with theory under test in a research process
- 74. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Testability
- 75. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Testability Hypothesis should be testable and should not be a moral judgment. It must be directly/indirectly observable & measurable. The researcher can set up a situation that permits one to assess if it is true or false. It must be verifiable.
- 76. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Testability i.e. a statement such as ‘bad partners produce bad children’. This sort of hypothesis cannot be tested
- 77. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Consistency
- 78. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Consistency A hypothesis should be consistent with an existing body of theories, research findings, and other hypotheses. It should correspond with existing knowledge
- 79. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Simplicity
- 80. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Simplicity A hypothesis should be formulated in simple and understandable terms. It should require fewer conditions & assumptions
- 81. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Availability of techniques
- 82. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Availability of techniques The researchers must make sure that methods are available for testing their proposed hypotheses
- 83. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Purposiveness
- 84. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Purposiveness The researcher must formulate only purposeful hypotheses, which has relevance with research problem and objectives
- 85. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Verifiability
- 86. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Verifiability A good hypothesis can be actually verified in practical terms
- 87. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Profundity of effect
- 88. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Profundity of effect A good hypothesis should have profound effect upon a variety of research variables
- 89. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Economical
- 90. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Economical The expenditure of money and the time can be controlled if the hypotheses underlying the research undertaken is good
- 91. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Economical The expenditure of money and the time can be controlled if the hypotheses underlying the research undertaken is good
- 97. Sources of Hypothesis Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks Previous Research Real-life Experiences
- 100. Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks The most important sources of hypotheses are theoretical or conceptual frameworks developed for the study
- 101. Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks Through a deductive approach, these hypotheses are drawn from theoretical or conceptual frameworks for testing them
- 102. Previous Research
- 103. Previous Research Findings of the previous studies may be used for framing the hypotheses for another study
- 104. Previous Research i.e. in a small sample descriptive study, are searcher found that a number of patients admitted with coronary artery disease had increased body mass index. In another research study, a researcher may use this finding to formulate a hypothesis as ‘Obese patients have increased risk for development of coronary artery disease’
- 106. Real-Life Experiences Real-life experiences also contribute in the formulation of hypotheses for research studies
- 107. Real-Life Experiences i.e. Newton had a life-changing experience of the falling of an apple and formulated a hypothesis that earth attracts all the mass towards its centre, through several researchers were conducted before generating a law of central gravity
- 108. Academic Literature
- 109. Academic Literature based on formal theories, empirical evidences, experiences, observation, and conceptualizations of academicians These literatures may serve as good sources for formulating hypotheses for research studies
- 110. Academic Literature These literatures may serve as good sources for formulating hypotheses for research studies
- 112. Types of Hypothesis
- 113. Types of Hypothesis
- 115. Types of Hypothesis Simple and Complex Hypothesis Associative and Casual Hypothesis
- 116. Types of Hypothesis Simple and Complex Hypothesis Associative and Casual Hypothesis Directional and Non- Directional Hypothesis
- 117. Types of Hypothesis Simple and Complex Hypothesis Associative and Casual Hypothesis Directional and Non- Directional Hypothesis Null and Research Hypothesis
- 118. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
- 119. Simple and Complex Hypothesis Simple hypothesis It is a statement which reflects the relationship between two variables.
- 120. Simple and Complex Hypothesis Simple hypothesis i.e. ‘the lower the level of hemoglobin, the higher is the risk of infection among post partum women’
- 121. Simple and Complex Hypothesis Complex hypothesis It is a statement which reflects the relationship between more than two variables
- 122. Simple and Complex Hypothesis Complex hypothesis i.e. ‘satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and dwelling in rural area than those who are younger and dwelling in urban area’
- 124. Associative and Casual Hypothesis Associative Hypothesis It reflects a relationship between variables that occurs or exists in natural settings without manipulation. This hypothesis is used in correlational research studies
- 125. Associative and Casual Hypothesis Casual Hypothesis predicts the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more dependent & independent variables in experimental or interventional setting, wherein dependent variable is manipulated by research to examine the effect on the dependent variable.
- 126. Associative and Casual Hypothesis Casual Hypothesis The causal hypothesis reflects the measurement of dependent variable to examine the effect of dependent variable, which is manipulated by the researcher(s)
- 128. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Directional hypothesis It specifies not only the existence, but also the expected direction of the relationship between variables
- 129. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Directional hypothesis states the nature of the relationship between two or more variables such as positive, negative, or no relationship
- 130. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Directional hypothesis To express the direction of relationship between variables, the directional terms are used to state the hypothesis, such as positive, negative, less, more, increased, decreased, greater, higher, lower, etc.
- 131. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Directional hypothesis ‘there is a positive relationship between years of nursing experience & job satisfaction among nurses
- 132. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Non-Directional hypothesis reflects the relationship between two or more variables, but it does not specify the anticipated direction and nature of relationship such as positive or negative
- 133. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Non-Directional hypothesis indicates the existence of relationship between the variables
- 134. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis Non-Directional hypothesis i.e. ‘there is relationship between years of nursing experience and job satisfaction among nurses
- 135. Null and Research Hypothesis
- 136. Null and Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis also known as statistical hypothesis
- 137. Null and Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis used for statistical testing & interpretation of statistical outcomes
- 138. Null and Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis states the existence of no relationship between the independent & dependent variables
- 139. Null and Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis i.e. ‘there is no relationship between smoking and the incidence of coronary artery disease’
- 140. Null and Research Hypothesis Research Hypothesis It states the existence of relationship between two or more variables
- 141. Null and Research Hypothesis Research Hypothesis ‘there is relationship between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer. www.slideshare.net/polchan
- 143. End.