1. 1 1 CHAPTER 2 INCIDENTS PREVENTION Understand the concepts of incident 2.1.1 Define incidents 2.1.2 Define accidents 2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention 2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention 2.3 Recognize causes of incident 2.3.1 Classify the types of incident 2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory a. Heinrich’s Theory b. Multiple Causation Theory c. Bird Loss Causation Model 2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident a. Basic causes b. Indirect causes c. Direct causes 2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs 2.4.1 List the design costs 2.4.2 List the operational costs 2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs 2.5 Know accident prevention programme 2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention 2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning 2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training

3. That occurs through a combination of causes.

4. Which result in : Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual Damage to property A near miss Any combination of these effects.

6. Human right

8. Management and workers must fully cooperate.

9. Top management must take the lead in organising safety.

10. There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.

11. The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy must exist.

16. Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.

17. Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of person.

18. Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent temper, nervousness or ignorance.

19. The injured worker’ s ancestry and social environment.ancestry person Hazard accidents Injuries 7

20. 8 Multicausality Accident Model Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to any accident. Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway. Cause A ( poor lighting ) Accident ( Trip) Cause B ( Not look where going ) Cause C ( Wood in walkway )

21. 9 Loss Causation Model Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ). Revised Heinrich Domino. Blaming management Threshold Limit Lack of Control Basic causes Immediate causes Incidents Loss Inadequate sys Personal factors Substandard act/practice Iunintended harm or Damage Event Inadequate Stand Job/syt factors Subst. Conditio Inadequate Compliance

22. 10 3 Basic Causes of Accident Basic Causes Poor Management Safety Policy & Decision Peronal factors Environment factors Indirect Causes Unsafe act Unsafe condition Unplanned accidents ACCIDENTS Personal injury, Property damage direct Causes

23. 11 Cost of Incident Prevention Insured : RM 1 uninsured : RM 8~36 Accident Cost Iceberg

24. 12 Cost of Incident Prevention i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE ) iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety audit.

26. Management is directly responsible for doing this

27. Safety is condition of employment

28. Training is required

29. Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.

30. Deficiencies must be corrected

31. All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated.

32. Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.

33. Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human suffering.

34. Employees must be actively involved.