1. Principles and Purposes
of

2. Creating Meaning Through
Collage, Tempo and Timing

3. CLIP FROM: ‘HITCOCKS’ PSYCHO
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvPqSRLO5Ms

4. Joining Images (Montage)
Joining images is a type of editing
form in which, several clips are
joined together to create meaning
(like a montage). Alfred Hitchcock
uses this editing style in this
sequence of psycho to create tension,
and make what would be a boring scene
more exciting.

5. CLIP FROM:CASINO ROYALE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJubOZLpp4A

6. Tempo
Tempo has do to with the speed in which a scene is
moving, whether it’s fast pace or slow pace.
Editors usually control tempo by altering the
length of each shot, as a large collection of
short duration create a fast tempo scene (usually
used in action film and fantasy).
Editors use the control of tempo to manipulate the
audiences attention level depending on the feel of
a scene, for example in the ‘James Bond, Casino
Royale’ the chase scene is fast in tempo which
makes the audience excited and anticipating the
outcome.

7. CLIP FROM: MEAN GIRLS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awow8HpWNcg

8. Timing
Timing is the time and duration it takes
to cut from one shot to another, timing
also has to do with the stream of camera
shots that create meaning.
In the clip from ‘Mean girls’ the four way
phone call tides together well as the
spilt screen and close up shot are in sync
with the words of the characters.
This allows the audience to follow the
storyline of the film easily in an
stimulating and evident manner.

9. STORY:CENTRED EDITING AND
THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING

10. Editing And Spaces
Editing and spaces have to do with
closeness of the shots, for example, if a
scene in a film were consisting of a
conversation between two friends talking
in a small room, the shots they would be
cutting between would mostly be close-ups
and medium shot, this is to emphasise the
small space and closeness between the
characters.
In the opening chase scene of James Bond,
Casino Royale, the shots that are used are
mostly long shots, extreme long shot and
birds-eye-views, these shots create the
illusion of wide open space.

11. Shot Reverse Shot
Shot Reverse is extremely important
and exceptionally used in most films,
this is because shot reverse shot is
and editing style that shows a
conversation between two or more
people. Most shot-reserve-shot’s are
over-the-shoulder-shots or cuts
between eye-line-matches. A good
example of this is
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLkUHZ
1qips

12. Linear Storyline
None-Linear Storyline

13. Arranging The Order
of Events
Films like ‘Fight Club’ and ‘Limitless’ are
the perfect example of media res, which is a
type of narrative that doesn’t follow the
traditional conventions of a normal film
narrative of beginning, middle and end. All
of this has to do with a linear or none-
linear editing arrangement of events, the
arrangement of event can be altered from the
traditional linear order for the reason that;
• It adds mystery and a sense of wonder to
the film
• Film makes more sense this way

14. Eye-line Match
If you want to steal the audiences
from the usual, fly on the wall
perspective of a film and put them in
the perception of the characters
situation and emotional state, then
you can use an eye-line match. For
example, in the film ‘the hunger
games’, there is a scene where
‘Katniss Everdeen’ is stung by bees,
using eyeline match the editors where
able to blur and make the scene shaky
as if the audience where experiencing
the same physical state that she was.

15. Cutaways
Cutaways are used to link inanimate
objects or scenery with the current
situation or characters state of
mind, cutaways are usually used
when there is a conversation
between people and a different
situation is happening in the same
scene and moment, this allows the
audience to receive two sets of
information at ones. Cutaways are
used very often in the movie ‘U-
Turn’ by Oliver Stone.

16. CREATING MEANING OUTSIDE
THE STORY

17. Continuity
Continuity is the method of trimming
unnecessary footage from what would
be a very long shot and only using
the most key parts to keep the
movement of the film engaging and
thrilling. This also involve keeping
the visual of the film consistent,
this may involve such things as,
lighting, wardrobe, mise-en-scene
exc.

18. 180 Degree Rule
Wikipedia describes the 180
degree rules as In a basic
guideline regarding the on-
screen spatial relationship
between a character and
another character or object
within a scene. An imaginary
line called the axis connects
the characters and by keeping
the camera on one side of this
axis for every shot in the
scene, the first character
will always be frame right of
the second character, who is This rule is extremely
then always frame left of the important as it reduces
first. If the camera passes continuity risks that would
over the axis, it is confuse and distort the
called crossing the line or audience watching the film.
jumping the line.

19. Soviet Montage
One key characteristic of Soviet
Montage movies is the moderating of
individual characters in the centre
of attention. Single characters are
exposed as members of different
social classes and are representing a
general category of people or class.
Soviet montage is important, as it
conveys variety in characters and
separates them, allowing the audience
to tell apart the importance of each
characters role in the film