The Smart City series of lectures span the fundamental ideas, visions and the technologies related to the development of services for the Smart City (or Society) and the Internet of Things. Before building a Smart City, we must agree on what a Smart City is, or could be. This lecture presents a concrete vision for what a Smart City is. We will work through some immediate conclusions. This will help us define some basic requirements on architecture and infrastructure, vital to create a scalable and resilient Smart City. With a focus on decentralized and federated architectures, new standardization efforts are presented that provide a basis for interoperability in the Smart City.

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Smart City Lecture 1
How to build a Smart City

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1. Smart?

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What does smart mean?
 Smart Meters
 Smart Phones
 Smart TV
 Smart Homes
 Smart Buildings
 Smart Cars
 Smart Cities
 Smart Societies
 …
Is “Smart” just a buzz word,
or does it mean anything?

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Smart? Meter
 Performs calculations
 Records consumption
 Communicates
 Control load
Smart means connected.
It also indirectly reports when
you’re home and some of what
you do… Smart?

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Smart?-phone
 Pocket computer
 Apps
Has phoning become
better/easier/different?
Smart means flexible tool / toy.
It also helps keep you
unaware, while it siphons your
personal data… Smart?

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Smart? TV
 Apps
 Internet
Smart means easier access to
online entertainment.
Does it observe you back?

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Smart Home
 Home Automation
 Helps control common tasks
 Lighting
 Locks
 Temperature
 Electricity
 Kitchen
 Surveillance
 Assisted Living
 …
Smart means to help / automate.
Is it necessary for someone outside of
your home, to know what you do inside?

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Smart Building
 Building Automation
 Administration
 Heating
 Water
 Electricity
 Air-conditioning
 Laundry
 Maintenance
 Surveillance
 …
Smart means to help / automate.
The point is to help the owner/manager,
not necessarily the inhabitant.

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Smart Car
 Autonomous Driving
 Connectivity
 Automate control
 Speed
 Lights
 Breaks
 Signals
 Steering
 …
Smart means to help / automate.
Will they be smart enough?

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Smart City / Society
 Automation
 Open Data
 Transport
 Traffic (C-ITS)
 Parking
 Utilities
 Health Care
 Law enforcement
 Schools
 Libraries
 Waste management
 Citizens?
 …
Smart for whom?

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Common Denominators
 Automation
 Optimization
 Connectivity
Sufficient for labeling something as
“smart”?
“Smart” is a great buzz word. It helps
vendors appear better, and
consumers feel better, even if the
technology happens to be “stupid”.

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2. Delirium

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What can be

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Chinese Social Credit System
(World’s most?) ambitious “Smart City”
project.
Calculates economic and social
reputation, based on mass surveillance
and AI:
 Honesty
 Commercial Integrity
 Social Integrity
 Judicial Credibility

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Chinese Social Credit System
Collects data from:
 Online activity
 Searches
 Shopping behavior
 Locations
 Friends
 Health
 Bank accounts
 Messages
 Smart Home appliances
 News sources
 Dating
 …

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Chinese Social Credit System
Affects:
 Job positions
 Salaries
 Living
 Travel restrictions
 Visa restrictions
 Access to schools
 Social status
 Loans
 Internet bandwidth
 …

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Bad idea?
How about:
 Environmental impact rating?
 Diversity index?
 Common value compliance?
 …

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 12:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, nor to attacks
upon his honour and reputation. Everyone
has the right to the protection of the
law against such interference or
attacks.
https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
Well… it all depends on how you choose to interpret
“arbitrary” and “attack”…

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Will the surveillance state prevail?
Is the Chinese system better or worse
than the western system?
Some criticize the western model, by
claiming it does similar things, but not
transparently.

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Authoritarian regimes (Top/Down)
 Easy to make decisions
 Laws
 Ubiquitous
 Sacrifices individual freedoms
Freedom of expression
Creativity
Smart for whom? The state.

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Western Democracies (Bottom/Up)
 Market forces
Segmented (limited interoperability)
Not well thought through
Not transparent
“Robber Barons”
 Consensus difficult
 Standards
 Laws
Smart for whom? The citizen,
(hopefully… in the end…)

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3. Vision

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Ownership of Information
Robber Barons appear in new areas
of enterprise, where there is no
effective legislation available.
Processing of information is one such
area. Ownership of information is not
legally defined (yet).
We need to define and protect
ownership of information.

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Is interoperability important?
Same water meter can be used by:
 Utility
 For billing
 Assisted Living
 No flow might indicate accident.
 Building Maintenance
 Constant flow indicate leak.
Smart to install 3 meters doing the
same thing?

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Is security important?
Same home security camera can be used by:
 Security Company
 Protect your home
 Trusted Neighbors
 Neighborhood watch (when away)
 Family
 Look in on elderly
 Healthcare
 Quick overview of scene before arrival
 Police
 Quick overview of crime scene
Smart to allow a burglar or a voyeur access?

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Objective Standards
We need more objective standards
that define what “smart” means, and
that are:
 Well Through through
Have general validity
 Interoperable across domains
 Protect Fundamental Human Rights
Standards are used to build
infrastructure.

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Incentives?
Why would you allow others access to
your things or your data? It would:
 Add load to your systems
 Decrease its performance
 Allow competitors to compete,
without investing in your equipment
Cross-domain interoperability requires
open markets of things and data.
Open ≠ Free

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Vision of a Smart City
 Ubiquitous access to interoperable
sensors and things.
 Ubiquitous access to data and
information from society’s authorities.
 Access to smart services in all niches of
society.
 Definition of ownership of information.
 Protection of Privacy, by design and by
default.
 Market for access to things and data.
Is this Science Fiction?

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Ubiquitous Computing
 Ubiquitous access to sensors and
things.
 Ubiquitous access to data and
information from society’s authorities.
 Access to smart services in all niches of
society.
Mark Weiser (Xerox PARC) coined the
term “ubiquitous computing” in 1988.
(♰ 1999)

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IEEE IoT Harmonization
 Interoperability
 Definition of ownership of information
 Protection of Privacy, by design and by
default
 Market for access to things and data*
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.

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4. Ownership

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Who owns the data?
Who is the owner of data?
 The person/entity generating (inventing) the data?
 The person/entity storing (controlling) the data?
 The person about whom the data relates to?
Is it important?

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Legislation
Which law is applicable?
 Copyright?
 Trade secrets?
 Intellectual Property?
 Privacy?
Enforcing ownership through legal means
is difficult.

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Ownership of things
How is normal ownership enforced?
 Protection behind lock & key.
 Access only to trusted parties.
 Monitoring.
 Demonstration of ownership.

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Ownership of data
Why treat data differently?
Local storage (decentralization) allows:
 Protection behind lock & key.
 Limiting access to trusted parties.
 Monitoring access.
 Demonstrating ownership.
 Enforcing ownership of data.
Added benefit:
 Intrinsic value of data through access.

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Edge Computing
Processing “on the Edge” instead of
“in the Cloud” allows:
 Access = Value
 Scalability
 Resilience
 Security

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5. Data Protection

38. Ex-Director of National Intelligence
James R. Clapper
http://www.popsci.com/clapper-americas-greatest-threat-is-internet-things
”America's greatest
threat is the
Internet of Things”
Feb 9, 2016

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Vulnerabilities
 You pay for an angel
 You also get a bat
What is not specified, is
left undefined

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IoT systems particularly vulnerable
 Long-term operation
 Technologies become obsolete
 Lack of updates
 Interact with physical world
 Larger scale
 More units and attack surfaces
 Invisible operation
 No visible clues something is wrong
 No human operator (for normal use case)
 Lack of supervision

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Decentralization & security
 More attack surfaces
 But value of each node is small
 Value/Effort ratio small
 Easier to protect
 Massive data breaches difficult
 You don’t put all your eggs into the
same basket
 More resilient
 End-to-end encryption

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Anonymization vs. Strong Identities
Anonymization:
 Protects whistle blower or dissident
(or criminal or terrorist)
 Makes security decisions difficult.
Strong identities (pseudonyms):
 Protect information owners.
 Allows selective responses.
Both protect privacy, in different ways.

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IEEE IoT Harmonization
 Decentralization
 Global Identities
 Authentication
 Authorization
 Ownership
 Discovery
 Decision Support
 Provisioning
 Smart Contracts*
 Economic Feedback*
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.

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6. Events

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Smart City Lectures*
1. How to build a Smart City (Oct 4th)
2. Privacy in the Smart City (Oct 18th)
3. An Open and/or Secure Smart City (Oct 25th)
4. Harmonizing the Internet of Things (Nov 8th)
5. Introduction to Encryption (Nov 15th)
6. Earning by Sharing in the Smart City (Nov 22th)
7. …
8. …
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.

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Smart City Labs*
1. Sensors and actuators (Oct 10th)
2. Connect and chat with your device (Oct 17th)
3. Publishing data from your sensor (Oct 24th)
4. Publishing and discovering devices (Nov 7th)
5. Controlling actuators (Nov 14th)
6. Decision Support for your devices (Nov 21th)
7. …
8. …
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.

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 Raspberry Pi & Arduino
 Sensors, Actuators, Controllers,
Concentrators, Bridges
 Protocols:
MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, LWM2M, XMPP
 Interoperability
 Social Interaction
 Decision Support
 Product Lifecycle
 IoT Service Platforms
 IoT Harmonization
 Security
 Privacy
Amazon
Packt
Microsoft Store
Contact: https://waher.se/, https://littlesister.se/
Mastering Internet of Things

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7. Open Discussion
Ownership?
Privacy?
Security?
Surveillance?
Interoperability?
Cool stuff?
Qué?
Where’s the Money?
Who pays?
What could go wrong?
Little Sister?
Harmonization?