2. Introduction
• We all share information by speaking, writing or other methods and use
information by reading, listening or watching. The most important form of
sharing information is by personal communication, where people make
their thoughts and wishes known to one another. People communicate in
many ways including by talking, writing letters, making telephone calls and
also through Internet and other media. Without personal communication
parents would not know what their children need, teachers could not help
their students learn, people could not share knowledge. Each person would
have to learn everything for herself/himself and in this way human beings
probably could not have survived for long. So, humans are an important
source of information. People with some knowledge of any kind make their
views, ideas, observations, experimental research results, etc. known to the
fellow human beings by writing or other methods of communication. This
way information is being generated as well as recorded in variety of sources
and formats for public use. The recorded information gets accumulated
over a period of time in wide range of sources
3. The sources from where we get information are called
information sources and these comprise
documents, humans, institutions as well as mass
media like newspaper, radio and television. All of us
have seen and used many of these sources. In this
Unit we shall study these information sources,
categorise them based on their type, information
contents and physical form. We shall also study the
historical development of these sources.
WHAT ARE INFORMATION
SOURCES
4. • You have seen in the school library that books are
arranged on the shelves according to their class
numbers (each subject is given a class number), so that
all the books on the same subject can be placed
together. Fiction books are arranged alphabetically by
the names of the authors, so that all the books by the
same author can be placed together for easy browsing.
Similarly current issues of the journals and magazines
are displayed on the display racks and old issues are
shelved behind. Apart from these, there are other sets
of books like dictionaries, encyclopaedias, maps,
atlases, guidebooks, etc. which are kept on separate
shelves. These are called reference books.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
5. Documentary Sources of Information by
content
Recorded sources of information do not merely comprise miscellaneous collections of
books, periodicals, articles, dictionaries, newspapers, etc. but are organised into quite basic
and fundamental categories based on their information contents.
Depending upon their contents and organisational level the documentary sources can be
grouped into:
A. Primary.
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary sources of information
6. 1) Primary Sources
Primary sources are those sources which contain original
material that has been published, reported or
recorded for the first time and has not been
interpreted, commented upon, summarised,
translated or evaluated by a secondary party. Primary
sources include new raw data, new interpretation of
previously known facts or idea, any new observation
or experiment, etc. These materials tend to be most
timely and 1 1 usually take the form of an article in a
periodical, a monograph, research report, patent,
dissertation, reprint of an article or some other work.
By its very nature the primary source of information is
widely scattered and it is difficult to locate the
information contained in it.
7. Following is the selected list of
primary sources of information
Primary periodicals
Newspapers
Technical Reports
Dissertations
Conference Papers
Patents
Standards
Trade and Product Bulletins, etc.
8. Primary Periodicals
• A periodical is a publication which is published
with definite periodicity (weekly, fortnightly,
monthly, quarterly, etc.) under the same title and
intended to publish indefinitely. Each issue is
dated and consecutively numbered. Primary
periodicals mostly publish research articles.
Primary periodicals are published by learned
societies, universities, government organisations
and private or commercial publishers. ‘Current
Science’ is an example of a primary periodical
9. News papers
• Newspapers are current awareness media, since they
publish news of recent happenings on political, social
and economic front of a nation, region, and so on.
Newspapers are of different kinds. Usually published
daily, some of them are local or regional in their
orientation and coverage, others are national or
international. Some newspapers specialise in
economical and financial matters and bring out in
depth analysis of trade, banking, commerce, etc. .
Examples of newspaper:
• The Times of India
• Economic Times
10. Technical Reports
• Technical reports are research reports which are
produced after conducting a research on a well-
defined mission mostly in the field of technology.
Mission-oriented research is usually sponsored by
government organsations, industries or other
agencies. In industries R&D activities are carried
out to achieve a particular mission such as to
develop a better product, or a process. For
example, in an automobile industry one of the
missions may be to develop a fuel efficient
engine.
11. Conference Papers
• Conference is a gathering or a meeting
sponsored or organised by a learned body, a
government or governments, an industrial
organisation, and so on, where information is
exchanged or discussed by experts in that
subject fields. Every year thousands of
conferences are being organised on various
subjects, where experts present their papers.
12. Dissertations and Thesis
• A dissertation or a theses is a document
submitted by a researcher in support of her/
his candidature for a degree or professional
qualification. In some universities
dissertations and theses are seen as the same.
In some universities a thesis is submitted at
the end of one’s Master’s degree and
dissertation at the end of PhD work. Both
report original research and are considered
primary sources of information.
13. Patents
• A patent is a government grant which gives a
person or a company sole rights to make, use or
sell a new invention (which may be a product,
process or a design) 1 3 for a certain number of
years. Individuals and companies engaged in R&D
activities protect their inventions by patenting
them with the government. The government
grants the patent and publishes the details of
granted patents through an official publication.
Information about Indian patents are published in
Gazette of India, Part 3, and Section 2. Patent
documents are primary sources of information.
14. Secondary Sources
• Secondary sources of information are mostly
dependent upon primary sources of information for
their existence. They usually present the contents of
primary documents in condensed form or list them in a
helpful way so that existence of primary documents are
known and access to them is made easy. Based on the
reorganisation of information in these sources, the
secondary sources can be grouped under four broad
types.
1. Index Type
2. Survey Type
3. Reference books
15. Index Type
• The word ‘index’ is derived from the Latin
word ‘indicare’, which means to ‘point out’ or
‘to show’. Index type of secondary sources
scan the primary sources select the relevant
items and arrange them in helpful sequence
for easy and quick retrieval. Under this
category come indexes, bibliographies,
indexing and abstracting periodicals.
16. Survey Type
• These publications survey the selected portion of
primary literature and provide an overview of the
subject, and also highlight significant literature on
the subject, depict Categories of Information
Sources . the progress of a particular field of
study, or present the contents of primary
literature on a subject in easy and
understandable form keeping in view the
particular group of users. Publications like annual
reviews, advances, treatises, monographs,
textbooks etc. come under this category of
secondary sources.
17. Reference Books
• Sources like dictionaries, encyclopaedias, directories, yearbooks,
almanacs, maps, atlases, etc. come under the category of reference
sources. These sources are used for finding out quick facts on a special or
general subject. These sources often have the subject heading in
alphabetical order for finding the information quickly. These books are
used for consultation, and are not available for loan from a library.
Reference Books Sources like dictionaries, encyclopaedias, directories,
yearbooks, almanacs, maps, atlases, etc. come under the category of
reference sources. These sources are used for finding out quick facts on a
special or general subject. These sources often have the subject heading in
alphabetical order for finding the information quickly. These books are
used for consultation, and are not available for loan from a library.
18. Translations
• Whenever a primary source is translated into
another language for the benefit of the users
who are not familiar with the language of the
original source, the translation becomes a
secondary source. Some primary research
periodicals in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese
languages are translated into English cover-to-
cover for English speaking users. You will study
in detail about these sources in Unit 2 of this
course.
19. 3) Tertiary Sources
• Tertiary sources are based on primary and secondary
sources of information and serve as key to the primary
and secondary sources. Tertiary sources are usually
compilation from primary or secondary sources and
help the searcher to select right primary or secondary
source which will be most relevant for her/his purpose.
These publications do not carry subject information
but guide the users to the source where information on
that subject will be available. Under tertiary sources of
information come publications like ‘guide to the
literature’, ‘guides to the reference sources’,
bibliography of bibliographies etc. Tertiary sources will
be dealt in detail in Unit 2 of this course.
20. conclusion
• The Unit deals with various types of information sources and how to categorise
them based on their information contents and physical form. Sources have been
broadly categorised into documentary and non-documentary sources. Under non-
documentary sources, humans, organisations, mass media (other than print
media) and cyber media have been covered. Documentary sources have been
further divided based on their information contents and physical form. Based on
the information contents, the documentary sources are further categorised as
primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Under primary sources primary
periodicals, newspapers, technical reports, dissertations, conference papers,
patents, standards, and trade and product bulletins have been covered. Under
secondary sources indexes, bibliographies, indexing and abstracting periodicals,
reference books, reviews, textbooks, treatises, technical translations have been
covered. Under tertiary sources guides to the reference sources, bibliography of
bibliographies has been covered. Based on the physical format, documentary
sources can be either paper-based or in other media. Documentary sources on
non- print media include sources on audio-visual media, electronic media, optical
media and microforms
