1. Water and its treatment

3. Underground water: it includes water from wells and springs

4. Rain water

6. Temporary Hardness – Temporary Hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals and the carbonate of ion. It is mostly destroyed by more boiling of water, when bicarbonates are decomposed yielding insoluble carbonates. » Ca(HCO3)2 Heat CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Calcium bicarbonate Calcium Carbonate Mg(HCO3)2 Heat MgCo2 + H2O + CO2 Magnesium Bicarbonate Magnesium Carbonate – The Calcium/Magnesium Carbonates thus formed, being almost insoluble, are deposited as a scale at the bottom of vessel, while carbon dioxide escapes out.

7. Permanent Hardness • Non Carbonate Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides, sulfates of calcium, Magnesium, iron and other heavy metals

8. Lime-soda process The basic principle of this process is to chemically convert all the soluble hardness causing impurities into insoluble precipitates which may be removed by settling and filtration…

9. Zeolite process