A different types of research design

1. Pamela M. Veroy RN, MAN

2.  A plan or strategy for conducting the
research
 Spells out the basic strategies that
researchers adopt to develop evidence that
is accurate and interpretable.
 Deals with matters such as selecting
participants for the research and preparing
for data collection.

3. 1. To provide answers to
research questions
2. To control variance

4. 1. Freedom from bias
2. Freedom from confusing
3. Control of extraneous
variables
4. Statistical correctness for
testing hypothesis

5. 1. Experimental research – involves
manipulating condition and studying
effects – (IPO-Input-Process-Output)
2. Correlational research – involves studying
relationship s among variables within a
single group, and frequently suggests the
possibility of cause and effect.
3. Survey research – involves describing the
characteristics of a group by means of
such instruments as interview schedules,
questionnaires, and tests.

6.  Ethnographic research - concentrates on
documenting or portraying the everyday
experiences of people using observation and
interviews.
 Involve how well, how much, how efficiently,
knowledge, attitudes or opinion in the like
exists.
 Case study – is a detailed analysis of one or a
few individuals
 Historical research – involves studying some
aspect of the past
 Action research – is a type of research by
practitioners designed to help improve their
practice.

7.  It is useful to consider the various
research methodologies we have
described as falling within one or
more general research categories –
 Descriptive
 Associational
 Intervention-type Studies

8.  It describe a given state of affairs as fully and
carefully as possible.
 Examples:
- In Biology, where each variety of plant
and animal species is meticulously described
and information is organized into useful
taxonomic categories.
- In educational research, the most
common descriptive methodology is the
survey, as when researchers summarize
the characteristics (abilities, preferences,
behaviors, and so on) of individuals or groups
or physical environment (school)

9.  Research that investigates relationships is
often referred to as associational research
 Correlational and causal-comparative
methodologies are the principal examples
of associational research.
 Example: Studying relationship
(a) between achievement and attitude
(b) between childhood experiences and
adult characteristics

10. (c) between teacher characteristic and
student achievement
(d) between methods of instruction &
achievement (comparing students who
have been taught by each method)
(e) between gender and attitude
(comparing attitudes of males and females)

11.  Descriptive research is not satisfying since
most researchers want to have complete
understanding of people and things not just
merely describing but need further analysis.
 Associational studies are, they too are
ultimately unsatisfying.
- because it did not permit researchers to “do
something” to influence or change
outcomes.
- Simply determining interest or achievement
of students does not tell us how to change or
improve either interest or achievement.

12.  To find out whether one thing will have an
effect on something else, researchers need
to conduct some form of intervention
study.
 Is a particular treatment is expected to
influence one or more outcomes.
 Such studies enable researchers to assess

13.  For example:
- the effectiveness of various teaching
methods,
- curriculum models,
- classroom arrangements
- and other efforts to influence the
characteristics of individuals or groups.
 Experiment is the primary methodology
used in intervention research
 Some types of research may combine these
3 general types

14. Areas Quantitative Qualitative
Goals -Theory testing,
establishing
facts, statistical
description,
prediction,
relationship
between
variables
- Sensitizing
concepts,
describe
multiple
realities,
grounded
theory, develop
understanding
Design - Structured,
predetermined,
formal, specific
detailed plan of
operation
- Evolving,
flexible

15. Areas Quantitative Qualitative
Data -Quantitative,
quantifiable
coding counts,
measures,
operationalized
variables
statistics
- Descriptive,
personal
documents, field
notes,
photographs,
people’s own
words, official
documents
Sample - Large,
stratified,
control groups,
precise,
random, control
of extraneous
variables
- Small, non-
representative,
focused,
purposeful,
convenient

16. Areas Quantitative Qualitative
Technique or
methods
- Experiments,
surveys,
structured
interviewing,
structured
observation
- Observation,
participant
observation,
review of
documents,
open-ended
interviewing,
first person
accounts.
Relationship
with subjects
- Detached,
short term,
distant, subject-
researcher
restricted
- Empathy,
emphasis on
trust,
democratic

17. Areas Quantitativ
e
Qualitative
Data analysis - Deductive,
statistical
- Ongoing models, themes,
concepts, inductive,
analytic,constant
comparative.
Problems - Controlling
other
variables,
validity,
reliability
- Time consuming, data
reduction difficulties,
procedures not
standardized, difficulty to
study large
populations,Empathy,
emphasis on trust,
democratic

18. Quantitative Qualitative
1.Experimental
Research
2.Single-Subject
Research
3.Correlational
Research
4.Causal-Comparative
Research
5.Survey Research
1.Ethnographic
Research
2.Historical
Research

19.  Historical study of college entrance
requirements over time that examine the
relationship between those requirements
and achievement in mathematics.
 An ethnographic study that describes in
detail the daily activities of an inner-city
high school and also finds a relationship
between media attention and teacher
morale in school
 An investigation of the effects of different
teaching methods on concept learning and
gender

21.  This threefold classification is especially useful
for describing the design with respect to
internal validity.
 A randomized experiment generally is the
strongest of the three designs when your
interest is in establishing a cause-effect
relationship.
 A non-experiment is generally the weakest in
this respect only to internal validity or
causal assessment.
 In fact, the simplest form of non-experiment
is a one-shot survey design that consists of
nothing but a single observation O.
 The most common forms of research
descriptive ones

22. Research
Problem Hypotheses
Or questions
Literature
Review
Definition
Instrumentation
Procedures/
Designs
Data
Analysis
Sample

23.  PREPARE FOR A TEST…..

24. 1. How do parents feel about the elementary
school counseling program?
2. Do students who have high score on reading
tests also have high scores on writing tests?
3. What effect does the gender of a counselor
have on how he or she is “received by
counselees”?
4. In what ways were the kinds of bills passed into
law during the administration of Cory Aquino
and Gloria Arroyo similar or different?
5. How can Tom Adams be helped to learn to
read?

25.  1. ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
 2. CORRELATIONAL STUDY
 3. CAUSAL-CORRELATION
STUDY/INTERVENTION STUDY
 4. DISCRIPTIVE /
INTERVENTION/CORRELATIONAL STUDY
 5. EXPERIMENT/CORRELATIONAL OR
ASSOCIATIONAL-INTERVENTION STUDY