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Argument structure: The Aristotelian argument The Aristotelian argument is the framework upon which most academic, thesis-driven writing is based. You can use this template any time you need to take a position on a topic.* Before getting started, make sure that your thesis is argumentative and non- obvious. When determining how to support your thesis, try to group all of your supporting evidence into distinct piles which have thematic similarities. Finally, develop each claim in its own section of text, making sure that each point is proportionate to the others. The back of this handout contains a template you can use to get started. 1. Start broad and contextualizes the argument (e.g. Why is your topic relevant to the course content?). 2. End with a specific argumentative claim--your thesis (e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal dilemmas still relevant to modern life.”). You may also opt to preview the progression of your argument (e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal dilemmas still relevant to modern culture, evidenced by his greed, his theological experimentation, and his sense of despair when faced with personal loss.”) 3. Start each body paragraph with a distinct topic sentence; this tells the reader how the paragraph functions in the context of the argument (e.g. “One way in which Augustine’s confessions are still relevant to modern society is his greed, shown in his willingness to steal the pears despite being well-fed and otherwise content”). 4. Each paragraph should have distinct content based on some organizational principle (e.g. ethics, history, financial, legal, biblical, thematic (as in this example), etc.) 5. If your thesis is controversial, you may also opt to include a concession. This acknowledges a typical argument your opposition would present to you (e.g. “However, some theologians have claimed that the realities of the modern world have made Augustine less relevant to modern theological dilemmas. One example is Dr. NoName, who states…”). 6. Immediately following, and in about as much space, refute the opposition using evidence which undermines their criticism. 7. Conclude and broaden the scope of your argument, and this time, contextualize it in terms of relevance to your audience and society. *The example above is for illustration only. Placement of the thesis my vary; the number of points (and paragraphs composing them) can change. The Center for Writing 3 Bockman Hall 651.641.3465 www.luthersem.edu/writing Context & Relevance: Concession: Refutation: Topic Sentence 3: Supporting claims: Topic Sentence 2: Supporting claims: Topic Sentence 1: Supporting claims: Relevance & Context: Thesis: marci Note Note: This template lacks a Background Section. This section answers the questions: (1) Why is this a problem?; (2) What are the origins/causes of the problem?Aristoteli ...
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The centrality of argument Comments on Everyone’s An Author Chapters 17-18 Opening Remarks An argument refers to any way that human beings express themselves to try to achieve a particular purpose – which, many would say, means any way that people express themselves at all The world is immersed in argument You will be a better reader and writing of your own arguments if you understand how they work Arguments are both seductive and manipulative due to their persuasive nature Opening Remarks Cont. Common purpose of argument: To explore To understand To find consensus To make decisions To convince or persuade Arguments are embedded in particular contexts What works in one won’t work in another It’s essential to understand how arguments so you can make some effective arguments on your own Pay close attention to your purpose, intended audience, and the rest of your rhetorical situation Chapter 17 Analyzing & Constructing Arguments: Those You Read, Those You Write Opening Remarks Almost everything represents some kind of argument; therefore, you must understanding them – both those you come across and those you make You need to understand the arguments that come from other people Arguments always exist in a larger context, involving more than just one person or group Arguments start as a response to another argument – statement, event, image, or anything else Where’s the argument coming from Look at the source – where is the argument coming from By looking at the source, we can determine how it affects the argument and how willing we should be to accept what the argument says As an author, think hard about where you’re coming from in the arguments you make Consider your word choice (what you say and how you say it), included images, and text design Consider your attitude and stance toward the subject What’s the claim? The easiest claims to identify are those that are stated in an explicit thesis statement As an author, remember that a claim is more than a personal opinion A claim must be arguable (worth arguing) by taking a position that is debatable; that others have a different opinion on State arguable claims as a thesis statement that announces your topic and main points so your readers can follow your thought process Qualify your thesis statement Make your claims directly and get to the point quickly Support your claim with evidence What’s at stake? Rhetoricians from ancient Rome have developed stasis theory as a way to identify the crux of an argument by asking 4 questions: What are the facts? How can the issue be defined? How much does it matter, and why? What actions should be taken as a result? As an author, use these questions to identify the main point you want to make in an argument These questions can also help decide the genre of argument you wish to make Means of persuasion: emotional, ethical, and logical appeals Emotional appeals (Pathos) Stir feels and invoke values that the audience is assumed to hold As a re ...
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Inventing arguments chap 1 2
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