Salmonella in poultry

Salmonella in Poultry
Introduction

Plan of Talk
 Salmonella historical affections
 Typhoid Mary
 Salmonella recent outbreaks
 Fact about Salmonella
– Breeder and salmonella
– Laying hens and salmonella
– Salmonella serotypes in breeders house and in hatcheries
– Role of males in vertical transmission
– Salmonella and rodents
– Chicks early infection
– Salmonella transmission by egg contamination

Alexander The Great
 Alexander the Great died mysteriously
in 323 B.C.
 In 2001, a group of doctors at the
University of Maryland suggested that
Salmonella was the cause of death,
based on a description of Alexander’s
symptoms written by the Greek author
Arrian of Nicomedia.

Prince Albert
 Prince Albert, the consort of Queen
Victoria, died of a Salmonella
infection in 1861.
 During the Victorian era, an
estimated 50,000 cases per year
occurred in England.

Jamestown Colony
Scholars working on the history
of Jamestown, Virginia, believe
that a typhoid outbreak was
responsible for deaths of over
6,000 settlers between 1607
and 1624.

Spanish-American War (1898)
 In 20,738 recruits contracted the
disease, 82% of all sick soldiers,
1,590 soldiers died, yielding a
mortality rate of 7.7%.
 It accounted for 87% of the total
deaths are from disease.
 A significant number of these
deaths actually occurred at training
areas in the southeastern United
States.

British Camps
During The South African War (1899-1902)
 More soldiers suffered from typhoid fever than from battle
wounds.
 British troops lost 13,000
men to typhoid, as compared to
8,000 battle deaths.
 Outbreak was largely due to
unsanitary towns and farms
throughout Africa, and polluted soil was washed into the
network of streams and rivers during the rainy season.
 Epidemic potential during a war prominent because of the
disposal problems of men’s discharges.

Dr. William Budd (1811-1880)
 Most outbreaks that were reported could
be traced back to unsanitary water
supplies or polluted milk supplies, as
polluted water can spread the disease.
 Budd urged for more disinfection and
water treatment .
 The introduction of piped and filtered
water supplies, its prominence as a cause
of death had diminished.

Salmonella Carriers
 Some individuals have natural immunity to Salmonella, they
are known as “chronic carriers”
 They have only mild or asymptomatic disease, but still carry
the bacteria in their body for a long time.
 These cases serve as natural reservoir for the disease.
• 3% of persons infected with S. typhi
• 0.1% of those infected with non-typhoidal salmonellae
become chronic carriers which may last for a few weeks to
years.

Mary Mallon
“Typhoid Mary” Mallon was the first
famous carrier of typhoid fever in the U.S.

Cont. …
She was hired as a cook at several private
homes in the New York area in the early
1900’s.

Cont. …
 Mary Mallon caused several
typhoid outbreaks, moving
from household to household,
always disappearing before an
epidemic could be traced back
to the particular household
Mary was working in.
 She had worked for 7 families,
with 22 cases of typhoid and
one death.

Cont. …
 She was finally overtaken by
the authorities in 1907 and
committed to an isolation
center on North Brother
Island, NY.

Cont. …
 There she stayed until she was
released in 1910, on the condition
that she never accept employment
involving food handling.

Cont. …
 But she was found to work as a
cook and to cause typhoid
outbreaks again.
 She was admitted back to North
Brother Island, where she lived
until her death in 1938.

Recent Outbreaks
More recently reported outbreaks in the U.S. involve different
kinds of Salmonella strains, predominantly S. enteritidis and S.
typhimurium.

Cont. …
In 1985
 A salmonellosis (S. typhimurium)
outbreak involving 16,000
confirmed cases in 6 states by
low fat milk and whole milk from
one Chicago dairy farm.
 This is the largest outbreak of
food-borne salmonellosis in U.S.
 Investigations discovered that raw and pasteurized milk had
been accidentally mixed.

Cont. …
Intentional Contamination
of Restaurant Salad Bars
In September 1984
10 area restaurants in the Dalles,
Oregon, were involved with
outbreaks of S. typhimurium.

Cont. …
January 2000
 Infant aged 1 month visited a
clinic with fever and diarrhea.
 A stool specimen yielded
Salmonella serotype Tennessee.
 One week before illness onset,
the infant's family moved into a
household that contained a
bearded dragon (i.e., Pogona
vitticeps).

Cont. …
During June 2002
 A child aged 21 months was
admitted to a hospital with
fever, abdominal cramps, and
bloody diarrhea.
 Blood and stool cultures
yielded Salmonella serotype
Poona (from pet Iguana).

Breeder and Salmonella
Study Aim
Many scientists have implicated
breeder chickens as vehicles for
vertical transmission of Salmonella
to the fertile egg.

Cont. …
Study Design
 In 1991, Cox et al. evaluated 6 commercial broiler breeder
hatcheries for the presence and level of salmonellae in;
1. Egg fragments
2. Paper pads from chick boxes
3. Chick fluff

Cont. …
11%
89%
Total Samples Collected
Salmonella Positive Salmonella Negative

Cont. …
Samples from Number of samples Positive Samples %
Egg fragments 145 22 15.2%
Chick fluff 100 5 5%
Paper pads 125 15 12%

Cont. …
Hatcheries 1 2 3 4 5 6
Salmonella Positive Samples % 1.3% 5% 22.5% 11.4% 36% 4.3%

Cont. …
140 random samples selected for enumeration, salmonellae
were found in 11 samples.
 4 samples had greater than 10 log 3 salmonellae per sample.
 3 samples between 10 log 2 - 10 log 3
 4 samples less than 10 log 2

Cont. …
Conclusion
 The authors found that, the incidence and extent of
salmonellae-positive samples found in the breeder hatcheries
were MUCH LESS THAN that previously found in broiler
hatcheries
 Meaning that the industry is reducing Salmonella in breeder
chicken populations.

Laying Hens and Salmonella
Challenging breeder hen with 10 log 6
Salmonella cells caused the ovary and oviduct
to become infected.
Timoney et al. (1989) reported that oral
inoculation of laying hens resulted in infection
of the reproductive tract.

Cont. …
 Cox et al. (2000) observed that the egg
production rate for infected chickens was
unaffected, and Salmonella was not
detected in all fecal samples; therefore
breeders infected with salmonellae may not
always be easily detectable on the farm.

Cont. …
For the contaminated breeder hens, the yolks
of 10% of the eggs laid were contaminated
with S. enteritidis.
However, when hens were inoculated with
Salmonella at levels of 10 log 8 cells, a
noticeable drop in egg production and signs of
pathogenesis occurred (Cox et al., 2000).

Salmonella Serotypes in
Breeders House and in Hatcheries
Breeders
Farm
Hatcheries
Previous
Flock
Current
Flock
Carcass at
Processing
6% 98% 24% 60% 7%
7% 98% 26% 22% 36%
Trial 1
Trial 2

Cont. …
 In the first trial, 7 different Salmonella serotypes were
identified.
 In the second trial, 12 different serotypes were identified
(Bailey et al. 2002).
Interestingly, for both trials, there was poor correlation between
the serotypes found in the breeder farms and those found in the
hatchery.

Role of Males in Vertical Transmission
In 1995 Reiber et al. conducted three
experiments to determine the
bacteriological quality of rooster
semen.

Cont. …
The most frequently isolated genera of
bacteria from rooster semen included:
1. Escherichia
2. Staphylococcus
3. Micrococcus
4. Enterococcus
5. Salmonella

Cont. …
Most of the isolated bacteria were
endemic to poultry and were
commonly found in the environment
of chickens (Reiber et al., 1995).
Thus, during mating, female breeders
may become inoculated with
Salmonella during semen
transmission.

Salmonella and Rodents
In a study to determine the
effect of disinfection on
Salmonella in breeders.

Cont. …
Study design
 3 broiler breeder
 Houses at three different locations
 Sampled before and after cleansing and disinfection (Davies
and Wray, 1996).
None of the farms were able to achieve total elimination of
Salmonella Enteritidis from the poultry house environment.

Cont. …
The authors concluded that, in each of the three breeder houses,
failure to eliminate mice from the house that was infected with
S. Enteritidis was likely to be the most important hazard for
transmission to the next flock (Davies and Wray, 1996).

Chicks Early Infection
Inoue et al. (2008) stated that
young poultry are very susceptible
to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE)
infections because of:
1. Absence of complete intestinal
flora colonization.
2. Immature immune system in
baby chicks.

Cont. …
The authors conducted a study to evaluate the role of passive
immunity on the resistance of young birds against early
infections caused by SE.

Cont. …
The progeny of:
Vaccinated broiler breeders
Were compared to the progeny of
Unvaccinated breeders .
The efficacy of the vaccine was determined by challenging birds
at Days 1 and 14 with SE.

After challenge at 1 day of age;
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Liver Spleen Cecal Contents
2.21 2.31
2.852.76 3.02
6.03
Salmonella Number (log10)
Progeny of Vaccinated Birds Progeny of Unvaccinated Birds

3 Days After Challenge
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Salmonella Positive
28%
100%
Salmonella Positive
Progeny of Vaccinated Birds Progeny of Unvaccinated Birds

Cont. …
Conclusion
 Birds that were challenged at 14 days of age showed a lower
number of positive samples compared with those challenged
at 1 day of age.
 Age influenced the susceptibility of birds to SE infections.

Salmonella Transmission By Egg
Contamination
Many opportunities exist for Salmonella
to be transferred from contaminated eggs
to uninfected baby chicks during the
hatching process, Cox et al. (2000)

Cont. …
Salmonella may be found in:
1. The nest boxes where breeders lay eggs.
2. The cold storage egg room at the breeder farm.
3. The truck that transports baby chicks to the grow out houses.
4. The hatchery environment.

Cont. …
One mechanism for natural contamination of the eggs is when
moist, freshly laid eggs are cooled from the body temperature of
the hen to the air temperature, the internal contents of the egg
shrink, pulling bacteria into the shell through pores (Cox et al.,
2000).
Once transferred
Salmonella is carried on the surface of the shell or just beneath
the shell if it is able to penetrate the shell.

Cont. …
All of these situations may cause horizontal contamination of the
eggs with Salmonella.

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