The document describes the cells and proteins involved in the inflammatory response. It details the roles of mast cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, complement proteins, neutrophils, and macrophages. Mast cells detect pathogens and secrete histamine to increase vascular permeability. Tissue macrophages and dendritic cells secrete cytokines to attract more immune cells. Complement proteins assist in pathogen detection and removal. Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to sites of infection and phagocytose pathogens. Macrophages also present antigens to lymphocytes to stimulate an adaptive immune response.

1. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

2. Inflammatory Cells
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Macrophage
 Neutrophil
 Inflammatory mediators

4. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Macrophage
 Neutrophil

5. Mast Cell
Activation
By the entrance of foreign pathogen.
Role
1. Detects any invading pathogen.
2. Secretes histamine.
3. Histamine leads to vasodilatation and increasing vascular
permeability.
4. And in turn, allows for monocytes and neutrophils migration
into tissue

7. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Macrophage
 Neutrophil
 Inflammatory mediators

8. Tissue macrophage
Activation
By PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern).
Role
Secretes cytokines;
1. Increases vascular permeability.
2. Attracts more leucocytes (neutrophils and macrophage).

9. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Macrophage
 Neutrophil
 Inflammatory mediators

10. Dendritic Cell
As tissue macrophage

11. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Macrophage
 Neutrophil
 Inflammatory mediators
 Inflammatory mediators

12. Complement Protien

14. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Neutrophil
 Macrophage
 Inflammatory mediators

15. Neutrophil
Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte and are normally found in
the blood stream.

16. Neutrophil Attraction
 During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation,
particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental
exposure and some cancers.
 Neutrophils are one of the first responders of inflammatory
cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation.
 Neutrophils migrate through the blood vessels, then
through interstitial tissue, following chemical signals such
as Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a, fMLP and Leukotriene B4 in a
process called chemotaxis.
 Neutrophils are the predominant cells in pus, accounting
for its whitish/yellowish appearance.

18. Inflammatory Response

20. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Neutrophil
 Macrophage
 Inflammatory mediators

21. Macrophage
Activation
 After release of histamine and increased vascular
permeability, monocytes migrates from blood stream to
tissue and called macrophage.
 They are attracted toward pathogen by cytokines and PAMP.

22. Macrophage
Role
1. It phagocytes pathogens and represents its antigen on its
surface.
2. It stimulates lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond
to pathogens.

23. Macrophage
Macrophages function in both:
1. Non-specific defense (innate immunity)
2. Specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity)

25. Phagocytosis

27. Role in adaptive immunity
Macrophages are versatile cells that play many roles:
As scavengers
They rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris.
Along with dendritic cells, they are among the cells that
"present" antigen APCs, a crucial role in initiating an immune
response.

28. Role in adaptive immunity
As secretory cells
Monocytes and macrophages are vital to the regulation of
immune responses and the development of inflammation.
They produce a wide array of powerful chemical substances
(monokines) including:
1. Enzymes.
2. Complement proteins.
3. Regulatory factors such as interleukin-1.

29. Role in adaptive immunity
At the same time
They carry receptors for lymphokines that allow them to be
"activated" into single-minded pursuit of microbes and tumour
cells.

30. Macrophage as APC
After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present
the antigen of the pathogen to the corresponding helper T cell.

31. Macrophage as APC
The presentation is done by integrating it into the cell membrane
and displaying it attached to an MHC class II molecule, indicating
to other white blood cells that this macrophage is not a
pathogen, despite having antigens on its surface.

32. Macrophage as APC
Eventually, the antigen presentation results in the production
of antibodies that attach to the antigens of pathogens, making
them easier for macrophages to adhere to with their cell
membrane and phagocytose.

33. Macrophage as APC
The antigen presentation on the surface of infected
macrophages (in the context of MHC class II) in a lymph node
stimulates TH1 (type 1 helper T cells) to proliferate (mainly due
to IL-12 secretion from the macrophage).

34. Macrophage as APC
When a B-cell in the lymph node recognizes the same
unprocessed surface antigen on the bacterium with its surface
bound antibody, the antigen is endocytosed and processed.

35. Macrophage as APC
 The processed antigen is then presented in MHCII on the
surface of the B-cell.
 T cells that express the T cell receptor which recognizes the
antigen-MHC II complex cause the B-cell to produce
antibodies that help opsonisation of the antigen so that the
bacteria can be better cleared by phagocytes.

36. Inflammatory Response
 Mast Cell
 Tissue macrophage
 Dendritic cell
 Complement protein
 Neutrophil
 Macrophage
 Inflammatory mediators