TCP-IP PROTOCOL

Be prepared for a
Quiz at the
beginning of
every session

Microsoft Word - Agenda
• 5 min Warm up with a game
• 5 min Introduction teacher demonstrate revision and essential
question
• 5 min Activity 1 – video 5 min
20 min Activity 3 – teacher demonstrate
• 5 min Activity 4 video 5 min
• 10 min Activity 5 - teacher demonstrate
• 5 min Activity 6– video 5 min
• 10 min Activity 5 - teacher demonstrate
• 5 min Activity 5 - video 5 min
• 5 min Reflection
• 5 min Home work

Classroom Norms
Osama Ghandour Geris
Assiut STEM School
4
Take notes
in a paper

Essential Questions:
What is the
TCP/IP Protocol ?

FDDI 9
Activity 5 5 min
listen to an animated video
about The TCP IP Model of
Networking
Press here
for on line
Press here
for off line
OR

DHCP
Dynamic Host
configuration
Protocol

Network Expansion Devices
Repeater- Hub -
Bridge - Router -
Gateway

14
Internet Addressing
•IP address is a 32 bit integer
•Refers to interface rather than host
•Consists of network and host portions
• Enables routers to keep 1 entry/network instead of 1/host
•Class A, B, C for unicast
•Class D for multicast
•Class E reserved
•Classless addresses
•Written as 4 octets/bytes in decimal format
•E.g. 134.79.16.1, 127.0.0.1

15
Internet Class-based addresses
• Class A: large number of hosts, few networks
• 0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
• 7 network bits (0 and 127 reserved, so 126 networks), 24 host bits (>
16M hosts/net)
• Initial byte 1-127 (decimal)
• Class B: medium number of hosts and networks
• 10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
• 16,384 class B networks, 65,534 hosts/network
• Class C: large number of small networks
• 110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh
• 2,097,152 networks, 254 hosts/network
• Class D: 224-239 (decimal) Multicast [RFC1112]
• Class E: 240-255 (decimal) Reserved

16
Subnets
•A subnet mask is applied to the host bits to
determine how the network is subnetted, e.g. if
the host is: 137.138.28.228, and the subnet
mask is 255.255.255.0 then the right hand 8
bits are for the host (255 is decimal for all bits
set in an octet)
•Host addresses of all bits set or no bits set,
indicate a broadcast, i.e. the packet is sent to all
hosts.

17
Subnet Mask Conversions
/1 128.0.0.0
/2 192.0.0.0
/3 224.0.0.0
/4 240.0.0.0
/5 248.0.0.0
/6 252.0.0.0
/7 254.0.0.0
/8 255.0.0.0
/9 255.128.0.0
/10 255.192.0.0
/11 255.224.0.0
/12 255.240.0.0
/13 255.248.0.0
/14 255.252.0.0
/15 255.254.0.0
/16 255.255.0.0
/17 255.255.128.0
/18 255.255.192.0
/19 255.255.224.0
/20 255.255.240.0
/21 255.255.248.0
/22 255.255.252.0
/23 255.255.254.0
/24 255.255.255.0
/25 255.255.255.128
/26 255.255.255.192
/27 255.255.255.224
/28 255.255.255.240
/29 255.255.255.248
/30 255.255.255.252
/31 255.255.255.254
/32 255.255.255.255
Prefix
Length
Subnet Mask Prefix
Length
Subnet Mask
128 1000 0000
192 1100 0000
224 1110 0000
240 1111 0000
248 1111 1000
252 1111 1100
254 1111 1110
255 1111 1111
Decimal Octet Binary Number

18
Creative IP address allocation
• Class A addresses 64 – 127 reserved
• Handle on individual basis
• Class B only assigned given a demonstrated need
• Class C
• divided up into 8 blocks allocated to regional authorities
• 208-223 remains unassigned and unallocated
• Three main registries handle assignments
• APNIC – Asia & Pacific www.apnic.net
• ARIN – N. & S. America, Caribbean & sub-Saharan Africa
www.arin.net
• RIPE – Europe and surrounding areas www.ripe.net

How learning happens?
I hear… I forget;
I see … I remember;
I do … I understand.
19

20
Transmission Control Protocol -TCP
• RFC 768 & host requirements RFC 1122
• Reliable stream transport
• Connection oriented (full duplex virtual circuit)
• Conceptually place call, two ends communicate to agree on details
• After agreeing application notified of connection
• During transfer, ends communicate continuously to verify data received
correctly
• When done, ends tear down the connection
• If UDP is like regular mail, TCP is like phone call
• Provides buffering and flow control
• Takes care of lost packets, out of order, duplicates, long delays
• Isolates application program from network details
• Jargon
• Segment = TCP packet
• Socket= source (address + port) + destination (address + port)

21
TCP layering
• To ID connection need:
• Source: (address, port) AND Destination: (address, port)
• Only need one port on host to allow multiple connections, since each connection will
have different (host, port) at other end
• E.g. single host can serve multiple telnet connections
• Passive open: application contacts OS & indicates will accept incoming
connection, OS assigns port and listens
• Active open: application requests OS to connect to an (host, port)
IP
Port 1
TCP UDP
Port 2 Port 1 Port 2
Demux on
IP protocol
Demux on
Port number
Network
Transport
App.
IP port 6

22
TCP – providing reliability
• Positive acknowledgement (ACK) with retransmission
• Sender keeps record of each packet sent
• Sender awaits an ACK
• Sender starts timer when sends packet
Send pkt 1
Rcv ACK 1
Send pkt 2
Rcv ACK 2
Network messages
Rcv pkt 1
Rcv pkt 2
Send ACK 2
Send ACK 1
Sender site Receiver site
Time

23
TCP – simple lost packet recovery
Send pkt 1
Start timer
ACK normally
arrives
Rcv ACK 1
Network messages
Pkt should arrive
Rcv pkt 1
Send ACK 1
ACK should be sent
Sender site Receiver site
Loss
Timer expires
Retransmit pkt 1
start timer

24
TCP – improving performance
• BUT simple ACK protocol wastes bandwidth since it must delay sending next
packet until it gets ACK
• Use sliding window
• Sender can send 4 packets of data without ACK
• When sender gets ACK then can send another packet
• Window = unacknowledged packets/bytes
• Keeps timer for each packet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …
Initial window of 4 packets
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …
Window slides
Packets successfully sent
Packets sent, awaiting ACK
Packets to be sent

25
What do we learn from Ping “testing”
• Host reachable
• Host may respond to ping but not be running services
• Round trip timing
• Lost packets
• Packet reordering duplicate packets
• Example:
13cottrell@noric05:~>ping -c 4 lhr.comsats.net.pk
PING lhr.comsats.net.pk (210.56.16.10) from 134.79.125.205 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from lhr.comsats.net.pk (210.56.16.10): icmp_seq=0 ttl=242 time=716.962 msec
--- lhr.comsats.net.pk ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 710.734/718.494/725.907/5.566 ms

How to Test TCP IP and UDP
TCP/IP Protocol Testing
Applications : Qnavigator
Press here
for on line
Press here
for off line
OR

Installing the Network Settings - Configuring Network Settings

Installing the Network Settings - Configuring Network Settings
EX. Windows 7 Manual TCP_IP
Configuration
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for on line
Press here
for off line
OR

Ports and TCP Traffic
Useful quotes

FDDI 30
Activity 5 5 min
listen to an animated
video about Ports & TCP
Press here
for on line
Press here
for off line
OR

31
More Information
• Lectures, tutorials etc:
• www.nv.cc.va.us/home/joney/tcp_ip.htm
• www.cs.pdx.edu/~jrb/tcpip.lectures.html
• www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/EZ306200/CCONTENTS
• www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/iaabu/centri4/user/scf4ap1.htm
• www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1180.html
• www.jbmelectronics.com/tcp.htm
• Encylopaedia
• http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/index.htm
• TCP/IP Resources
• www.private.org.il/tcpip_rl.html
• Understanding IP addresses
• http://www.3com.com/solutions/en_US/ncs/501302.html
• Configuring TCP (RFC 1122)
• ftp://nic.merit.edu/internet/documents/rfc/rfc1122.txt
• Assigned protocols, ports etc (RFC 1010)
• http://www.es.net/pub/rfcs/rfc1010.txt & /etc/protocols

Useful quotes
“The day which
breaks me is the
day which makes
me”

Packet tracer , Download it , Install it
, use it by designing network.
Then be a clever network admin.

CCNA
Certified Computer Network Administrator
this Certificate from Cisco company
www.netacade.com
Exam costs 3000 L.E. in
CISCO centers
But through online exam is
free of charge

36
biomimicry
computer
network
Osama Ghandour Geris
Assiut STEM School

https://twitter.com/osamageris
https://www.linkedin.com/in/osamaghandour/
https://www.youtube.com/user/osmgg2
https://www.facebook.com/osama.g.geris

network in a factory select the
topology which you will use
and list the configuration of
hosts, IP addresses , network
sub netmask IP and broadband
IP

TCP-IP PROTOCOL

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