suicide,its global scenario,different theories and views on suicide by Dr ismaa for research and ethics

1. SUICIDE

2.  STORY OF SUICIDE IS AS OLD AS MAN
HIMSELF.
 Suicide has been glorified, romanticized,
bemoaned and even condemned.

3.  Define
 Global scenario
 Types of suicide
 Different views and theories on suicide.

4. SUICIDE
• An act with a fatal outcome that is
deliberately initiated and performed by the
person in the expectation of its fatal
outcome.
• A complex phenomenon, person feels
tremendous pressure on mind, blinding its
logic ,forcing it to conclusion of escape.

5.  Derived from a Latin word
 Sui=oneself, cidium= killing
 Primary emergency for mental health
professionals.
 Major public health problem

6.  GLOBAL SCENARIO
 More than 800,000 people die by suicide
every year. (one every 40 seconds)
 Estimated annual mortality is 14.5 death per
100,000 people.
 75% of suicides occur in low and middle-
income countries.

7. • Tenth leading cause of death world wide.
• It is the second leading cause of death in 15-
29 years globally.

8.  Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is the
primary suicide site in the world.
 Japan is reported to have highest number of
cases.

9. IN PAKISTAN:-
• Incidence of suicide have increased in
Pakistan and has become a major public
health problem.
• According to theWHO, there were reported
15,696 suicide cases in Pakistan in 2002.
• Most suicides occur in young people (single
men and married women) under the age of 30
years.

10.  IN PAKISTAN:-
 In section 325 of the Pakistan Penal Code
attempted suicide is a criminal offence
punishable with one year of imprisonment
and/or a fine.
 IN UK:-
In the UK, the Suicide Act of 1961
decriminalized attempted suicide and suicide,
but voluntary euthanasia remains a crime.

11.  COMMON METHODS
Pesticides 30%
Hanging
Firearms
Drug overdose
Fatal injuries
Drowning
Exsanguination

13. TYPES OF SUICIDE
 EGOISTIC
 ALTUISTIC
 ANOMIC
 FATALISTIC

14.  MODERN EXAMPLESOF SUICIDE
 Cyber suicide:- suicide impact between
individuals who meet on internet.
 Anniversary suicide:-Persons takes their lives
on the day a member of their has family died.
 Assisted suicide:- terminal ill patient asks
doctor for lethal dose to end his misery.

15.  Copy cat suicide:-suicide with in a group serve
as a model for next suicide.( Werther effect)

16. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

17.  In ancient Greek, a person who committed
suicide without the approval of state was
denied the honor of a normal burial.
 BUT
 suicide was acceptable to deal with military
defeat.

18. SOCRATESVIEW ON SUICIDE:-
 Suicide is always wrong because it represents
releasing of our souls from our bodies the
gods have placed us in as a form of
punishment (Phaedo 61b-62c).

19.  PLATOVIEW ON SUICIDE:-
 In the Laws, Plato claimed that suicide is
disgraceful and its perpetrators should be
buried in unmarked graves.
 According to him suicide is an act of
cowardice and laziness, done by those
individuals who are to delicate to handle
transformation of life.

20.  Plato recognized four exceptions to this
principle:-
1. When the individual’s mind is morally corrupted.
2. When it is done because of a judicial order.
3. When it is compelled by extreme unavoidable
misfortune.
4. As a result of shame for having carried out
immoral actions.

21.  ARISTOTOLE’SVIEW:-
 Aristotle who was a student of Plato but he
disagrees with his master on this.
 He says suicide is a wrong toward society or
the state, but not toward oneself, for the
simple reason that it is the ultimate
consensual act.

22.  Many philosophers and psychologists do not
agree with these Greek philosophers because
according to them
 They do not show any concern for individual
well-being or autonomy and only focus on
individual's social roles and obligations.

23. The Deontological Argument :-
 Suicide is wrong because human life is
sacred.
 Suicide violates our moral duty.
 We have to honor the value of human life,
regardless of the value of that life to others or
to the person whose life it is.

24. ACCORDINGTO DAVID HUME:-
 Suicide is selfish and harms the individuals and
society that are left behind.
 He says a person is under obligation to do good
in the society and if he ends his life by
committing suicide his obligation will end.
 In some cases, a person may have become a
burden to society, and so may actually do good
by committing suicide . It is morally good for
him.

25.  LibertarianViews and the Right to Suicide:-
 For libertarians, suicide is morally permissible
because individuals enjoy a right to suicide.
 They say suicide violates no moral duties.
• We own our bodies and hence are morally
permitted to dispose them of as we wish.
• Other individuals should not interfere with a
person's suicidal behavior but to assist in that
behavior.

26. LIBERTARIAN VIEWS

27.  SUICIDE IN ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS:-
• Judaism:-
Buried in a separate part of a Jewish
cemetery, and do not receive certain
mourning.
• Christianity:-
The Roman Catholic Church says one’s life is
the property of God.

28. Islam:-
Most Muslim scholars consider
suicide forbidden and include suicide
bombing as being equally forbidden.
"And do not kill yourselves, surely God is most
Merciful to you." (An-Nisa), ayat 29

29.  Are there conditions under which suicide is
morally justified ?

30.  Hitler killed himself in order to avoid the
humiliation of execution.Was his suicide
justified?

31. What of the Japanese Samurai, who
had a form of ritual self-killing that they
used to “die with honour” rather than
fall into the hands of their enemies?
Or the soldier who throws himself on a
grenade in order to save his comrades?

32.  Socrates? He drank hemlock and thereby
killed himself, even though he an option of
exile?