1. Josh O’Brien
u3049210

2.  Expert: An elite or highly skilled performer of
a skill used as a model in a video
 Video modelling: A video of an highly skilled
athlete performing the skill
 Intervention: When training/practice is
paused to view video feedback

3.  Access to equipment now easier than ever
 Skill demonstration
 Highlight errors
 See things they may miss
 Improve coaching standards

5.  Gymnasts 7-10 years old
 Performed skill > viewed model > viewed themselves >
comparison
 All subjects improved by an average of 53%
 All athletes and coaches rated the video modelling and
feedback to be effective
Boyer, R. Miltenberger, R. Batsche, C. & Fogel, V. (2009). Video modelling by experts with video feedback
to enhance gymnastics skills. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis. Vol 42

6.  Children average 11.7 years old
 Group 1: Video modelling at start and halfway through their
session
 Group 2: Video of themselves twice during their session
Group 1 Group 2
Set improvement 186% 106%
Set retention 8.5% 20%
Serve improvement 130% 180%
Serve retention 12.5% -32.5%
Zetou, E. Tzetzis, G. Vernadakis, N. & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2002). Modelling in learning two
volleyball skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills. Vol 94

7.  Tennis serve in 9-12 year olds
 Group 1: Physical practice only
 Group 2: Physical + video feedback
 Group 3: Physical + video + imagery training
 Group 1: No significant improvements
 Groups 2 & 3: Similar improvements
 Similar table tennis study found imagery training to
significantly improve performance
Atienza, F. Balaguer, I. % Garcia-Merita, M. (1998). Video modelling and imaging training on performance
of tennis service of 9 to 12 year old children. Perceptual and Motor Skills. Vol 87
Li-Wei, Z. Qu-Wei, M. Orlick, T. & Zitzelsberger, L. (1992). The effect of mental imagery training on
perfromance enhancement with 7-10 year old children. The Sport Pyschologist. Vol 6

8.  Make training interactive
 Use favourite elite athletes as models
 Make the most of children’s imaginations
 Tailor your training methods to your group

9.  The use of unexperienced/poorly skilled
models
 Focusing on the team instead of individual

11.  Josh O’Brien
 u3049210@uni.canberra.edu.au