Effect of GLA and DHA in Pregnancy

Effect of DHA & GLA in pregnancy

Essential fatty acid (EFA) They are polyunsaturated fatty acid needed by the body for maintenance of optimal health. They cannot be synthesized by the human body and is therefore must be obtained from dietary source. (Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72 (3) : 239-242) There are 2 types of EFA: Omega-3 fatty acid & Omega-6 fatty acid Linoleic acid (18:2)LA Gamma-linolenic acid (18:3)GLA Diho-gamma- linolenic acid (20:3)DOGLA Archidonic acid (20:4) AA Adrenic acid (22:4) Docosapatothenic acid (22:5)DPA Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) ALA Ecosapatothenic acid (20:5)EPA Docosapatothenic acid(22:5)DPA Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)DHA Omega-6 fatty acid Omega-3 fatty acid

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(Canad J Psychiatry 2003:48: 195-203) DHA and its Psycho-motor functions Vision 60% of PUFA in retina is DHA Cognitive functions like Learning & memory, Language coordination, Problem solving 40% of PUFA in brain is DHA

DHA is important throughout life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Recommendations Health and Welfare Canada 1990 : omega-3 fatty acid (ALA) 0.5% of total energy Food and Nutrition Board, USA, 2002 adequate Intakes (AI) for Omega-3 Fatty Acids 10% AI from DHA+EPA 1.4 - All ages Pregnancy 1.1 1.6 14-18 yrs Children 1.2 1.2 9-13 yrs Children 0.7 0.7 1-3 yrs Children 0.9 0.9 4-8 yrs Children 1.1 1.6 19 yrs & older Adults 1.3 - All ages Breastfeeding 0.5 0.5 7-12 months Infants 0.5 0.5 0-6 months Infants Females (g/day) Males (g/day) Age Life Stages

National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1999 (DHA) 0.35 % by weight of daily total fat WHO & FAO pregnancy (AI) 2.6 g omega-3 fatty acid & 100-300 mg DHA daily (Prostaglandin Leukot Essent Fatty Acid 2000; 63: 119-121) Recommendations 300 mg/day Lactation 300 mg/day Pregnancy 150 mg/day Young children (3 years) 0.1% of total energy (2000 Kcal/day) Adult

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Gamma lenolenic acid (GLA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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GLA metabolism (J Nutr 128: 1411-1414, 1998) LA is converted into GLA (delta 6 desaturase enzyme) GLA is elongated into DGLA DGLA is converted into AA (delta 5 saturase enzyme) DGLA produces prostaglandin-1 series which are anti-inflammatory DGLA produces 15-(S)-hydroxy-S,11, 13 eicosatrienoic acid which controls the production of AA metabolite which are proinflammatory

Effect of GLA and DHA in Pregnancy

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Effect of GLA and DHA in Pregnancy