A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body".

1. BIO-ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Presented by: Noushin Raeisi Kheirabadi

2. Index
 Introduction
 History of biomaterials
 Effective parameters of biomaterials
 Classification of biomaterials
 Applications of biomaterials
 Biomaterials fabrication techniqu
 Journals
 Companies
 Review
 References

3. What is bioengineering?
Any Area of Biology Mixed with Any Area of Engineering
In Any Proportion

4. What is bioengineering?

5. What is bionanotechnology?
 Combination of nanotechnology and biology.
e.g. DNA nanotechnology and computing.

6. What is biomaterials?
 A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or
combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin,
which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a
part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any
tissue, organ, or function of the body".

7. Development of biomaterials according to the dimension and size. [6]

8. What is Biocompatibility?
 The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application.

9. What is Host Response?
 The response of the host organism (local and systemic) to
the implanted material or device.

10. Illustration of how some materials, biological, medical, and
engineering properties must be integrated to achieve successful
biomaterials for tissue regeneration. [10]

11. A Little History on Biomaterials
 Romans, Chinese used gold in dentistry over 2000 years ago.
 Aseptic surgery 1860 (Lister)
 Bone plates 1900, joints 1930
 Polyethylene and stainless steel being used for hip implants,
1960
 The first biological engineering program was created at
Mississippi State University in 1967.
 More recent programs have been launched at MIT University

12. Material Selection Parameters
 Biocompatibility
 Bio stability
 Bioinert
 Bioactive or surface reactive
 Biodegradable
 Sterilizability
 Adequate mechanical and physical properties
 Manufacturability
 low weight
 reasonable cost

13. Classification of biomaterials
 Metallic Biomaterials
 Ceramic Biomaterials
 Polymeric Biomaterials
 Composite Biomaterials
 Biodegradable Biomaterials

14. ceramicsMetals
Polymers
composites
Synthetic
BIOMATERIALS

15. Metallic Biomaterials
The metallic systems most frequently used in the body are:
 (a) Iron-base alloys of the 316L stainless steel
 (b) Titanium and titanium-base alloys, such as
1)Ti-6% Al-4%V, and commercially pure ‡ 98.9%
2)Ti-Ni (55% Ni and 45% Ti )

16. Metallic Biomaterials
 (c) Cobalt base alloys of four types
1)Cr (27-30%), Mo(5- 7%), Ni (2-5%)
2)Cr (19-21%), Ni (9-11%), W (14-16%)
3)Cr (18-22%), Fe (4- 6 %), Ni (15-25%), W (3-4%)
4)Cr (19-20%), Mo(9-10%), Ni (33-37%)

17. 3 metals commonly used as biomaterials. [7]

18. (a) The Harrington rod ,a stainless steel surgical device.
(b) The stem of a total hip replacement, usually made from either stainless steel,
cobalt- or titanium-based alloys. [7]

19. Ceramic Biomaterials
 Non absorbable (relatively inert)
like as Alumina, zirconia, silicone nitrides.
 bioactive (semi-inert)
like as Certain glass ceramics and dense hydroxyapatites.
 resorbable (non-inert)
like as calcium phosphates and calcium aluminates

20. Hydroxyapatite

21. Polymeric Biomaterials
 Polyvinylchloride
 Polyamide
 Polypropylene

22. the shape of a nose is "seeded" with
cells called chondrocytes (polymer)
replace the polymer with cartilage
over time to make a suitable implant

23. Composite Biomaterials
 Carbon-carbon
 Al2O3 onto carbon
 reinforced methyl methacrylate bone cement

24. Biodegradable Biomaterials
 Polyvinyl alcohol
 nitrocellulose
 poly-3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
 Polylactic acid

25. Applications of Biomaterials
 Joint replacements
 Bone plates
 Bone cement
 Artificial ligaments and tendons
 Dental implants for tooth fixation
 Blood vessel prostheses
 Heart valves
 Skin repair devices (artificial tissue)

26. Applications of Biomaterials
 Cochlear replacements
 Contact lenses
 Drug delivery mechanisms
 Vascular grafts
 Stents
 Nerve conduits

27. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Metals and alloys
316L stainless steel Fracture fixation, stents, surgical
instruments
Co-Ti, Ti-Al-V, Ti-Al-Nb, Ti- 13Ni-13Zr, Ti-
Mo-Zr-Fe
Bone and joint replacement, fracture
fixation, dental implants, pacemaker
encapsulation
Co-Cr-Mo, Cr-Ni-Cr-Mo Bone and joint replacement, dental
implants, dental restorations, heart valves

28. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Ni-Ti Bone plates, stents, orthodontic wires
Gold alloys Dental restorations
Silver products Antibacterial agents
Platinum and Pt-Ir Electrodes
Hg-Ag-Sn amalgam Dental restorations

29. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Ceramics and glasses
Alumina Joint replacement, dental implants
Zirconia Joint replacement
Calcium phosphates Bone repair and augmentation, surface
coatings on metals
Bioactive glasses Bone replacement
Carbons Heart valves, percutaneous devices,
implants

30. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Polymers
Polyethylene Joint replacement
Polypropylene Sutures
Polyesters Vascular prostheses, drug- delivery
systems
Silicones Soft-tissue replacement

31. Examples of medical and dental materials and
their applications
Material Principal applications
Composites
BIS-GMA-quartz/silica filler Dental restorations
PMMA-glass fillers Dental restorations (dental cements)

32. Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Solvent casting
 Particulate-leaching techniques
 Gas foaming
 Phase separation
 Electrospinning
 Porogen leaching

33. Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Fiber mesh
 Fiber bonding
 Self assembly
 Rapid prototyping (RP)
 Melt molding
 Membrane lamination
 Freeze drying

35. Journals of biomaterials
 Biomaterials World News
 Materials Today
 Nature
 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
 Cells and Materials
 Journal of Biomaterials Science

36. Journals of biomaterials
 Artificial Organs
 ASAIO Transactions
 Tissue Engineering
 Annals of Biomedical Engineering
 Medical Device Link

37. Biomaterials Companies
 MATECH Biomedical Technologies, development of
biomaterials by chemical polymerization methods.
 Medtronic, Inc. is a medical technology company specializing
in implantable and invasive therapies.
 Molecular Geodesics Inc., biomimetic materials for
biomedical, industrial, and military applications

38. Biomaterials Companies
 Biform Research & Consulting, Inc., fibrinolytic systems,
protein-material interactions
 Baxter International develops technologies related to the
blood and circulatory system.
 Biocompatibles Ltd. develops commercial applications for
technology in the field of biocompatibility.
 Carmeda makes a biologically active surface that interacts
with and supports the bodys own control mechanisms

39. Biomaterials Companies
 Collagen Aesthetics Inc. bovine and human placental
sourced collagens, recombinant collagens, and PEG-
polymers
 Endura-Tec Systems Corp. bio-mechanical endurance testing
ofstents, grafts, and cardiovascular materials
 Howmedica develops and manufactures products in
orthopaedics

40. Biomaterials Companies
 SurModics, offers PhotoLink(R) surface modification
technology that can be used to immobilize biomolecules
 W.L. Gore Medical Products Division, PTFE microstructures
configured to exclude or accept tissue ingrowth.
 Zimmer, design, manufacture and distribution of orthopaedic
implants and related equipment and supplies

45. Review
 Definition of bioengineering and biomaterials
 History of biomaterials
 Effective parameters of biomaterials
 Classification of biomaterials
 Applications of biomaterials
 Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Some important journals and companies

46. References
 D. Ratner and Allan S. Hoffman and Frederick J. Schoen,
“Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine
Buddy”,
 Aldo R. Boccaccini and Julie E. Gough, “Tissue engineering using
ceramics and polymers”,
 Handbook of Materials for Medical Devices
 Patitapabana Parida and Ajit Behera and Subash Chandra Mishra,
“Classification of Biomaterials used in Medicine “, International
Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS), 2012

47. References
 Timothy J. Keane and Stephen F. Badylak, “Biomaterials for tissue
engineering applications”, www.Elsevier.com, 2014
 Joao. F and Mano, “Designing biomaterials for tissue engineering
based on the deconstruction of the native cellular environment”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2014
 Qizhi Chen and George A. Thouas, “Metallic implant biomaterials”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2014

48. References
 Paul K. Chu, “Surface engineering and modification of
biomaterials”, www.Elsevier.com, 2012
 David F. Williams, “on the nature of biomaterials”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2009
 B. L. Seal and T. C. Otero and A. Panitch, “Polymeric biomaterials
for tissue and organ regeneration”, www.Elsevier.com, 2001