The
Tissue
Prepared by
Ms. Nisha S. Mhaske
M.Pharm (Q.A.T)
Lecturer, PRES’s COPD, Chincholi.
Email : nisha.mhaske@pravara.in

The Tissue
 Tissue- a group of cell, which having similar in
origin, structure and function are called as
tissue.
 The group of cells function together to carry
out specialized activities.
 Histology- Branch of science which deals with
the study of tissues.

 According to the structure and function the body tissues
can be grouped:-
 Fundamental types of tissues- there are 4 types of tissues
Fundamental
Types of
Tissue
1. Epithelial
Tissue
2.Muscular
Tissue
3. Connective
Tissue
4. Nervous
Tissue

Classification of Tissue

1. Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelial tissue covers the body externally, lines
various cavities and ducts forms glands.
 Function of epithelium
i. Protection – protects the underlying tissues from
friction and injury.
ii. Secretion – secretion of certain chemical
substances which are utilized by the body or
removal outside.
Hence, epithelial tissue is also called as Covering
Tissue.

 Covering tissue can further be classified as
A. Simple epithelium
B. Compound epithelium
C.
 It is made up of single layers of cell.
 It is subdivided into 4 types
i. Squamous epithelium
ii. Cuboidal epithelium
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Ciliated epithelium
A. Simple Epithelium

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Squamous
Epithelium
Single layer of flat cells. It lines the Heart,
Blood Vessels,
lymphatic vessels,
Alveoli of lungs.
It permit
adequate
diffusion,
osmosis &
filtration.

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Cuboidal
Epithelium
- Cube Shaped cells arranged
on basement membrane
- Cuboidal epithelium are also
called as Glandular
epithelium as it is present in
simple glands.
Simple glands Secretion &
Absorption.

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Columnar
Epithelium
- Cells are rectangular, like
tiny columns
- Single layer of cells
Lining of GIT Secretes mucus.
(Such mucus
secreting
epithelium cells
are called as
Goblet Cells.)

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Ciliated
Epithelium
- Hair like structure present on
columnar cells are called cilia.
Upper
respiratory tract
along with
goblet cells.
- Secrete mucus.
- Movement of
mucus

 It is composed of multiple layers of cells.
 It is further divided into 2 Types
i. Stratified Epithelium
ii. Transitional Epithelium
B. Compound Epithelium
i. Stratified Epithelium
 It can be divided into:-
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Stratified cuboidal epithelium
 Stratified columnar epithelium

Type of
tissue
Structure
Stratified
Epithelium
- The deepest layer of the cells are columnar in shape and as they
grow towards the surface, they go on becoming flatted.
- As the cells move upward their blood supply restricts, and they
become dehydrated, shrunken and harder.
- It can be keratinised or non-keratinised
- The non-keratinised epithelium does not contain keratin and
remains moist.

Type of tissue Structure Location
Transitional
Epithelium
- It is composed of several layers of
pear shaped cells.
- It is variable in appearance
- In relaxed state it looks like stratified
cuboidal epithelium and
- When stretched the cells become
squamous shaped.
Found in place
where expansion is
needed.
Eg- urinary bladder.

2. Muscular Tissue
 It contains contractile fibers, they can contract or
relax and produce movement.
 Function- all the body movements are because of
muscle tissues.
 It can be further be classified into 3 types:-
i. Skeletal or Striated or Voluntary Muscles
ii. Smooth or Involuntary or Visceral Muscles
iii. Cardiac Muscles

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Skeletal
or
Striated
or
Voluntary
Muscles
- Muscles are present on skeleton, hence
named as skeletal
-It can be moved by will as it is voluntary
- Striations are present, hence it called
striated muscles
-Striations of dark and light bands present
- Cells are nearly cylindrical, forming a
long skeletal muscle fiber
- Many nuclei are located in the periphery
of the cells.
Bones
(Muscles
attached to
bones)
Movement

Skeletal Muscle
One single muscle contain numerous muscle fiber and are attached to
bones by tendons.

Type of tissue Structure Location
Smooth
or
Visceral
or
Involuntary
Muscles
- It can not be moved by will as it is
involuntary
- Striations are absent, hence it appear as
smooth and therefore the name smooth
muscles.
- Smooth muscle fiber is small and
spindle shaped. i.e. Broad in the centre
and tapering at both ends.
- Nucleus is located centrally.
Internal body
organs such as
GIT,
Blood vessels,
Urinary bladder,
Respiratory tract

Type of
tissue
Structure Location
Cardiac
Tissue
- It is striated, but involuntary.
-Cell has centrally located nucleus & one or more
branches.
- Two cardiac muscle fibers are attached by thickened
plasma membrane called intercalated discs.
-The intercalated discs contain desmosomes (Is
junction in tissues that connect adjacent cells) as well
as gap junctions.
- Because of gap junctions, the action potential is
carried throughout the heart rapidly.
Heart wall is
made up of
cardiac
muscle.

3. Connective Tissue
 The tissue binds together and supports more
active and delicate tissues of the body also
provides protection to the internal delicate
organs.
 It is made up of fibers, cells and ground
substance.
 These are specially developed cells and are of 2
types :-
i. White fibers
ii. Yellow fibers

i. The white Fibers
 These re wavy and run in bundles with very little matrix.
 They are inelastic but can be slightly stretched because of their
wavy nature.
 They contain protein “Collagen” and yield gelatin on boiling.
 Function of White fibers
 Forming the ligaments which bind bones together
 As an outer protective covering for bones
 As an outer protective covering for organs like kidneys, lymph
nodes and brain.

ii. Yellow elastic fibers
 These run either single or branched.
 They are composed of highly elastic material and permit
considerable stretching
 These fibers are found in such organs as:- large arteries,
trachea, bronchi, lungs etc.

 From these fibers the following varieties of
connective tissues are formed.
1. Loose connective or Areolar tissue
2. Adipose or fatty tissue
3. Fibrous tissue
4. Bone
5. Cartilage tissue

Type of
tissue
Structure Location Function
Loose
connective
or Areolar
tissue
- It consists of a loose network
of fibers.
- It has semi-solid matrix with
the cells, called fibrocytes
widely separated by yellow
elastic fibers and white fibers.
-Under the skin
- Between
muscles,
- Supporting
blood vessels
and nerves,
- Alimentary
canal.
- Secretion
- Supporting
other tissues
- Connection.

Type of tissue Structure Function
Adipose or Fatty
Tissue
- It consists of a collection of fat cells
containing fat globules
- The cells are present in the matrix of
adipose tissue in varying numbers.
- The tissue is found supporting organs
such as kidneys and the eyes, between
bundles of muscle fibers with areolar
tissues under the skin etc.
- It is made up of adipocytes, which store
triglycerides within it.
-It acts as energy
reservoir
- Good insulator
(Poor conductor)
prevents heat loss
from body.
- It protects the
delicate organs.

Type of tissue Structure Function
Fibrous Tissue - It consists of either white or yellow
fibers densely massed together.
- It is strong as compared to the loose
connective and fatty tissue.
- The tissue forms deep or true skin of the
body.
-It is found in
forming skins in
tendons and
ligaments.
Tendon- is a strong cord of white fibrous tissue joining Muscle to
Bone.
Ligaments- is a strong fibrous cord joining Bone to Bone.

Type of tissue Structure
Bone - It is one of the hardest connective tissues in the body.
- Basically bone tissue is made up of fibrous tissue which
hardens, due to the deposition of mineral salts like
calcium, phosphate.
- Red bone marrow is present within the canal (Haversian
canal) of the bone

Type of tissue Structure
Cartilage - It is a specialized types of fibrous tissue.
- It is very strong & forms a framework for the outer
parts of ear & nose.
- It also provides a firm wall to the parts of air passage.
- Eg-Larynx & Trachea
It has a solid matrix.
It is divided into 3 types
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. White fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage / yellow fibrocartilage

Type of tissue Structure Location
Hyaline
cartilage
- It appears as a smooth bluish-
white tissue
-The cells appear in groups of 2 or
more & where they come in contact,
the edges appear to the flattened.
- The matrix is solid & smooth
- On the surface of the parts
of the bones which form
joints.
- Forming the costal
cartilages which attach ribs
to the sternum.
- Forming part of the larynx,
trachea & bronchi.

Type of tissue Structure Location
White
Fibrocartilage
- It consists of dense masses of
white fibers in a solid matrix with
the cells widely dispersed.
- It is a tough, slightly flexible
tissue.
- As pads between the
bodies of the vertebrae
called inter-vertebral discs.
- Between articulating
surfaces of bones of the
knee joint
- Surrounding the rim of the
bony sockets of the hip &
shoulder joint.

Type of tissue Structure Location
Yellow
Fibrocartilage
- It consist of yellow, elastic, fibers
running through solid matrix.
- The cells lie between the fibers.
- It forms the pinna or lobe
of ear & the epiglottis.

 The neuron or
nerve cell is
made up of
1. Cell body
2. Axons
3. Dendrites
Type of
tissue
Structure
Nervous
Tissue
- Nervous tissue is
made up of nerve
cells (Neuron) and
Neuralgia.

1. Cell body
 It contains nucleus & other organelles
2. Dendrites
 These are input portions of a neuron.
 These are usually short & highly branched
 Each nerve cell contain many dendrites.
3. Axons
 Generally each nerve cell contain ingle axon, which
is thin, long & cylindrical process & is major output
portion of a neuron.
 The membrane of an axon is called axolemma which
contain axoplasm.
 Most of the axons are surrounded by a sheath of fatty
material called Myelin sheath.

 The mylein sheath is absent at intervals along the length
of the axon and near its branching end.
 These intervals are called “Node of Ranvier” and they
contribute to rapid transmission of nerve impulses along
myelinated fibers.
 Neurilemma :- It is a very fine, delicate membrane
surrounding the axons of al peripheral nerves.
 It consists of a series of “Schwann cells” which surround
the axon & the myelin sheath.

Types of Neurons
Sensory or Afferent neurons
Motor or Efferent
neurons
Intercalated neurons
These neurons transmit
impulses from the periphery of
the body to the spinal cord and
then to the brain where they
are interpreted and sensed.
Eg- Sense of taste, sight, touch
etc.
These neurons convey
impulses from the brain &
spinal cord to other parts
of body stimulating
glandular secretion or
causing muscle
contraction.
These are found
between sensory &
motor neurons and
forms link in the
pathways of nerve.

Synapse
 The point at which the nerve impulses passes from one neuron
to another neuron is called synapse.
 Various chemicals known as transmitters are secreted in the
synapse and are involved in the transmission of information
across the synapse.

Body fluids
• Water is the universal medium in which all metabolic reactions
occur.
• About 60% of our body weight is made up of water.
• Water along with dissolved substances in it, constitute body fluids.
• A major proportion of body fluid is found intracellularly i.e. in the
form of protoplasm.
• There are four body fluid compartments as follows:-
i. Intracellular
ii. Extracellular (Tissue fluid)
iii. Circulatory system (Blood plasma & Lymph)
iv. Transcellular fluid compartment (CSF, Synovial Fluid,
Serous Fluid etc.)

Cerebrospinal Fluid- Present in subarachnoid space
in the meninges of CNS
Serous Fluid- Present in different serous membranes
(pale yellow & transparent fluid)
Synovial Fluid- Found in cavities of synovial joints
(Viscous & Non-Newtonian fluid)

Thank you