2. Introduction
Nanofabrics are composed of non-woven Nano fibers.
Nano fibers are created by a process called electrospinning.
Electrospinning is a major way to engineer (without self-assembly)
nanostructures that vary in:
Fiber Diameter
Mesh Size
Porosity
Texture
Pattern Formation
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Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_cone_photo.jp
3. Electrospinning Setup
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1. A high voltage power supply (normally
working in a range between 10 and 30kV);
2. A polymer reservoir that can maintain a
constant flow rate of solution, commonly a
syringe connected to either a mechanical or a
pneumatic syringe pump;
3. A conductive dispensing needle as polymer
source connected to the high voltage power
supply;
4. A conductive substrate, normally grounded,
which serves as a collector for the
electrospun fibers.
4. Electrospinning – Parameters
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Polymer precursor material.
Solvent and solution additives.
Polymer concentration.
Needle-to-collector distance.
Voltage.
Flow rate.
10kV 15kV 20kV
To optimize material
properties, fiber
thickness, homogeneity,
density, and distribution.
5. Electrospinning - Procedure
An electrostatic potential is applied between a spinneret and a collector
A fluid is slowly pumped through the spinneret.
The fluid is usually a solution where the solvent can evaporate during the
spinning.
The droplet is held by its own surface tension at the spinneret tip, until it gets
electrostatically charged.
The polymer fluid assumes a conical shape (Taylor cone).
When the surface tension of the fluid is overcome, the droplet becomes unstable,
and a liquid jet is ejected
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Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
6. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
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7. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
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8. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
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9. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Types of Solvent Stream Ejections
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10. Electrospinning Polymers
The small size between the fibers allows the capture of particles in the 100- to 300-
nanometer range
That is the same size of viruses and bacteria
Used as air-filter: Airplanes, office, etc.
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Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Polymer Solvent Concentration Potential Application
Nylon 6,6 Formic Acid 10 wt% Protective Clothing
Polyurethanes Dimethylformamide 10 wt% Protective Clothing
Polycarbonate Dichloromethane 15 wt% Sensor, Filter
Polylactic Acid Dichloromethane 14 wt% Drug Delivery System
12. Applications
Ultrafiltration in water treatment
High flux, low-fouling membrane
The top layer provides the actual filtration, and the middle and bottom
layer provide sting support and are very porous
Increased efficiency
Able to filter without top layer.
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Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
13. Recent Research on Electrospinning
13
Surface-functionalized Elecrospun
Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and
Drug Delivery
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14. Electrospun Nanofibers
High surface area to volume ratio
Versatile method for preparing nanofibrous meshes
Potential applications:
Biomedical devices
Tissue engineering scaffolds
Drug delivery carriers
Done through Surface Modification
Plasma treatment
Wet chemical method
Surface graft polymerization
Co-electrospinning of surface active agents and polymers
Creates bio-modulating microenvironments to contacting cells and tissues
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
15. Surface Modification Techniques
Synthetic polymers vs. natural polymers
a. Synthetic: easier processing for electrospinning and more controllable
nanofibrous morphology
b. Natural: difficult to directly process into nanofibers because of unstable
nature and weak mechanical properties
Natural polymers can be immobilized onto the surface of synthetic polymers
without compromising bulk properties
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
http://www.animate4.com/nanotech/nanotechnology/nanomedicine/nano/nanoscale/nanotech-
nanotechnology-nano-nanomedicine-moleculare-nanotech-nanoscale.jpg
16. Modification – Plasma Treatment
Changes the surface chemical composition
Selection of plasma source – introduce diverse functional groups on surface
a. Plasma treatments with oxygen, ammonia, or air – generates carboxyl
groups or amine groups
b. Air or argon treatments
When nanofibers were soaked in a simulated body solution – calcium
mineralization occurred on surface
a. Improved wettability
b. Potential with bone grafts
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
http://www.deviceda
ily.com/wp-
content/uploads/2008
/11/fortross-02.jpg
17. Modification – Wet Chemical Method
Films and scaffolds under acidic or basic conditions – modify surface
wettability
Plasma treatment can not modify surface of nanofibers deep in the mesh
Wet chemical etching methods can modify thick meshes
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
18. Modification – Surface Graft Polymerization
Synthetic biodegradable polymers retain hydrophobic surface – need hydrophilic
surface modification for desired response
Introduce multi-functional groups on the surface
Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation
Initiated with plasma and UV radiation treatment to generate free radicals for
polymerization
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
19. Modification – Co-electrospinning
Nanoparticles and functional polymer segments can be directly
exposed on surface of nanofibers
Co-electrospinning with bulk polymers
Any combination of electrospinnable polymer and polymer
conjugate can be used
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
20. Target Molecule Loading on Surface
Simple physical adsorbtion
Nanopoarticle assembly on surface
Layer by layer multilayer assembly
Chemical immobilization
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
22. Applications – Drug Delivery
Superior adhesiveness to biological surfaces
Variety of structures containing drug molecules
Drug release mechanism – polymer degradation and diffusion pathway
Can tailor drug release profiles by varying polymer properties, surface coating,
combination of polymers
Has been successful in laboratory trials – controlled topical release
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
23. Applications – Tissue Engineering
Various cells cultivated on nanofibrous meshes
Embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells
Better than other tissue engineering methods
Coronary artery cells
Collagen
Limited to in vitro studies because cells could not be loaded within the
nanofibrous meshes in large quantities
3D nanofibrous scaffolds
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"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery." http://pcsl.mit.edu/images/nano.jpg
24. Improvements and Further Research
Develop more precise electrospinning techniques
Mechanisms of electrospinning
Growth rates
Bending Instability
Producing nanofabrics with specific mechanical
properties.
Creating 3-dimensional shapes
Capable of being used in controlled release of drugs.
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Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
25. Improvements and Further Research
Optimization of parameters
Intrinsic properties of solution
Polarity, surface tension of solvent
Controlling nanofiber alignment
Electric field
Modifying type of collector
Better control of fiber alignment
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"Electrospin Nanofibers for Neural Tissue Engineering."
http://www.rsc.org/ejga/NR/2010/b9nr00243j-ga.gif
26. Improvements and Further Research
Reduce Cost of Production
Make economically viable
Increase production rate
Incorporate the use of an array of
spinnerets
Safety
Solvents
Dangerous to health and environment
Polymers 11/21/2015 26
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
27. References
Burger, Christian, Benjamin S. Hsiao, and Benjamin Chu. "Nanofibrous Material and
Their Applications." Review. 25 Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Feb. 2010.
Hunley, Matthew T., and Timothy E. Long. "Electrospinning Functional Nanoscale
Fibers: a Perspective for the Future." Polymer International 57 (2008): 385-89. Web. 7
Mar. 2010.
Theron, J. P., J. H. Knoetze, R. D. Sanderson, R. Hunter, K. Mequanint, T. Franz, P.
Zilla, and D. Bezuidenhout. "Modification, Crosslinking and Reactive Electrospinning of
a Thermoplastic Medical Polyurethane for Vascular Graft Applications." Acta
Biomaterialia (2010). 27 Jan. 2010. Web. 05 Feb. 2010.
Xie, Jingwei, Matthew R. MacEwan, Andrea G. Schwartz, and Younan Xia. "Electrospin
Nanofibers for Neural Tissue Engineering." Nanoscale 2 (2010): 35-44. Print.
Yoo, Hyuk S., Taek G. Kim, and Tae G. Park. "Surface-functionalized Electrospun
Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
61 (2009): 1033-042. Print. 11/21/2015 27