1. Chapter 4 The End ofChapter 4 The End of
the Cold Warthe Cold War
Why did the Cold WarWhy did the Cold War
End?End?
2.
3. Was the Collapse Due to Force? NoWas the Collapse Due to Force? No
The Cold War cost more thanThe Cold War cost more than
$11 trillion. But the collapse$11 trillion. But the collapse
of the Soviet Union and itsof the Soviet Union and its
satellites was not a result ofsatellites was not a result of
force.force.
No NATO tank fired a shot.No NATO tank fired a shot.
No bomb fell on theNo bomb fell on the
Kremlin.Kremlin.
4. END OF THE COLD WAREND OF THE COLD WAR
Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”
A.A. Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw-Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw-
containment and coexistencecontainment and coexistence
B.B. After the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy ofAfter the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy of
containment had suffered a severe blow.containment had suffered a severe blow.
C.C. Policy ofPolicy of DÉTENTEDÉTENTE
A.the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially
between countries.
B.B. a. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly abouta. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly about
working together, and limiting hostility.working together, and limiting hostility.
C.C. b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9)b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9)
D.D. Slowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warheadSlowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warhead
numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
5. THE UPS AND DOWNS OFTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF
THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR
Leadership changes (1979-1989):Leadership changes (1979-1989):
USUS- Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter- Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter
and Ronald Reaganand Ronald Reagan
Soviet Union-Soviet Union- Leon Brezhnev and MikhailLeon Brezhnev and Mikhail
GorbachevGorbachev
a. All parties looked to reduce tensions anda. All parties looked to reduce tensions and
treat each other in a more open fashion.treat each other in a more open fashion.
Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War,Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War,
focus on discussions, notfocus on discussions, not brinksmanshipbrinksmanship..
In pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signedIn pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signed
various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms,various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms,
foster economic cooperations and improve politicalfoster economic cooperations and improve political
relations between the two superpowers.relations between the two superpowers.
6. THE UPS AND DOWNS OFTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF
THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR
The stalling of détente & the rise of aThe stalling of détente & the rise of a
Second “Cold War”Second “Cold War”
International eventsInternational events
Angola Civil War in 1975 where both US andAngola Civil War in 1975 where both US and
USSR supported opposing groupsUSSR supported opposing groups
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979.Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979.
Changes in leadershipChanges in leadership
British Margaret ThatcherBritish Margaret Thatcher
US President Ronald ReaganUS President Ronald Reagan
7.
8. Further developmentsFurther developments
Renewal of arm raceRenewal of arm race
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) orStrategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or
“Star Wars” programme“Star Wars” programme
Devt of new tech such as satellites deployedDevt of new tech such as satellites deployed
in orbit around earth to detect and destroyin orbit around earth to detect and destroy
ICBMICBM
Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983
Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83”Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83”
Nov 1983Nov 1983
9. How did the cartoonist portray the Soviet Union?How did the cartoonist portray the Soviet Union?
What implication do you think the invasion ofWhat implication do you think the invasion of
Afghanistan might have on American SovietAfghanistan might have on American Soviet
relationsrelations
10. Tit for Tat – USSR responses to USTit for Tat – USSR responses to US
actionsactions
The West's militarized postureThe West's militarized posture
helped the Communists tohelped the Communists to
rationalize their authoritarianrationalize their authoritarian
rulerule..
TheThe moremore U.S. policies followed aU.S. policies followed a
hard linehard line, the, the greatergreater was thewas the
tendency in Moscow to tightentendency in Moscow to tighten
the controlsthe controls andand to discourageto discourage
liberalizing tendenciesliberalizing tendencies.. According to U.S.
diplomat George Kennan,
author of "The Sources of
Soviet Conduct" (1947)
and architect of the
containment policy,
11. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
A) Declining confidence in communistA) Declining confidence in communist
ideology and failure of the Sovietideology and failure of the Soviet
economyeconomy
Russian Command Economy - RigidRussian Command Economy - Rigid
Planning SystemPlanning System
Unproductive Soviet Industry, poorUnproductive Soviet Industry, poor
efficiency of agricultural sectorefficiency of agricultural sector
Low morale of the soviet workersLow morale of the soviet workers
Lack of consumer products and lowLack of consumer products and low
quality of lifequality of life
12. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
B) External economic burden of theB) External economic burden of the
Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Annual subsidies to economies inAnnual subsidies to economies in
Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact
Eastern European countries incurringEastern European countries incurring
debts by borrowing heavily fromdebts by borrowing heavily from
western bankswestern banks
External commitment like the decadeExternal commitment like the decade
long Soviet Afghan Warlong Soviet Afghan War
13. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
Increasing resistance withinIncreasing resistance within
the communist blocthe communist bloc
home-grown insurgencies ledhome-grown insurgencies led
to interference of the Sovietto interference of the Soviet
leadership into the businessesleadership into the businesses
of the Warsaw Pact countriesof the Warsaw Pact countries
Hungarian revolution 1956Hungarian revolution 1956
Prague Spring 1968Prague Spring 1968
Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 –Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 –
No country within the Warsaw Pact isNo country within the Warsaw Pact is
allowed to leave the Pact or threaten theallowed to leave the Pact or threaten the
cohesivessnesscohesivessness
Political legitmacy eroded byPolitical legitmacy eroded by
dissident intellectuals &dissident intellectuals &
reformersreformers
15. The Gorbachev RevolutionThe Gorbachev Revolution
Mikhail Gorbachev,Mikhail Gorbachev,
came to power in 1985came to power in 1985
as the General Secretaryas the General Secretary
of the Communist Partyof the Communist Party
of the Soviet Unionof the Soviet Union
(CPSU)(CPSU)
recognized that therecognized that the
Soviet Union could notSoviet Union could not
remain politically andremain politically and
economically isolated andeconomically isolated and
that the Soviet systemthat the Soviet system
had to be changed if ithad to be changed if it
was to survive.was to survive.
16. Problems faced by GorbachevProblems faced by Gorbachev
Stagnant and inefficient commandStagnant and inefficient command
economy ( after Brezhnev fell ill ineconomy ( after Brezhnev fell ill in
1976)1976)
Economy running at a loss (spending moreEconomy running at a loss (spending more
than what they had earned)than what they had earned)
Shortage of food and essential goodsShortage of food and essential goods
Bad quality of goods producedBad quality of goods produced
Crippling cost of military competition withCrippling cost of military competition with
the USAthe USA
The Soviet State could no longer afford theThe Soviet State could no longer afford the
high defense spendinghigh defense spending that accompanied thethat accompanied the
17. Gorbachev's Five-Point PlanGorbachev's Five-Point Plan
The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survivalThe key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival
of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms:of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms:
1.1. GlasnostGlasnost (openness) – greater freedom of(openness) – greater freedom of
expressionexpression
2.2. PerestroikaPerestroika (restructuring) – decentralization(restructuring) – decentralization
of the Soviet economy with gradual marketof the Soviet economy with gradual market
reformsreforms
3.3. Renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineRenunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed(armed
intervention where socialism was threatened)intervention where socialism was threatened)
and the pursuit of arms control agreementsand the pursuit of arms control agreements
4.4. Reform of the KGBReform of the KGB (secret service)(secret service)
5.5. Reform of the Communist PartyReform of the Communist Party
18. Impact of GlasnostImpact of Glasnost
Insistent Calls for ChangeInsistent Calls for Change
He believed that his reformsHe believed that his reforms
were necessary and used hiswere necessary and used his
leadership and power to attemptleadership and power to attempt
to implement them.to implement them.
Debates, discussions, relaxDebates, discussions, relax
censorship, speak up in favour ofcensorship, speak up in favour of
reformsreforms
The policy ofThe policy of glasnostglasnost
(openness) made it possible for(openness) made it possible for
people to more freely and safelypeople to more freely and safely
criticize the government'scriticize the government's
policies.policies.
Lost confidence of communistLost confidence of communist
leadership vision and ruleleadership vision and rule
Increasing desiredIncreasing desired
independenceindependence
19. Impact of perestroikaImpact of perestroika
The Objective: SurvivalThe Objective: Survival
Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have toGorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to
change if it was to survive.change if it was to survive.
Perestroika, which mean restructuring, was aPerestroika, which mean restructuring, was a
programme of economic and political reformsprogramme of economic and political reforms
Encourage greater interest, productivity and investmentEncourage greater interest, productivity and investment
among Soviet workers.among Soviet workers.
Modernize economyModernize economy achieve growth rate of 4%achieve growth rate of 4%
Effect changesEffect changes WITHINWITHIN the Communistthe Communist
economic and political structureseconomic and political structures
Creation of a reliable, effective system to increase theCreation of a reliable, effective system to increase the
pace of the soviet society’s developmentpace of the soviet society’s development
To unite scientific and technological achievements withTo unite scientific and technological achievements with
a planned economya planned economy
20. Impact of PerestroikaImpact of Perestroika
Reforms Were Too SlowReforms Were Too Slow
The gradual market reforms andThe gradual market reforms and
decentralization of the economydecentralization of the economy
((perestroikaperestroika) were too slow and) were too slow and
failed to keep pace with the crisisfailed to keep pace with the crisis
and his people's demands.and his people's demands.
Agriculture infrastructure remainsAgriculture infrastructure remains
inadequateinadequate
Shortage of food and other basicShortage of food and other basic
necessities, such as bread andnecessities, such as bread and
shoes.shoes.
The Soviet Union was suffering aThe Soviet Union was suffering a
deterioration of economic anddeterioration of economic and
social conditions and a fall in thesocial conditions and a fall in the
GNP.GNP.
21. Foreign policy reformsForeign policy reforms
Gorbachev belief:Gorbachev belief: NEWNEW
THINKINGTHINKING
global problems to be solved based onglobal problems to be solved based on
shared moral and ethical principlesshared moral and ethical principles
rather than conflict between capitalismrather than conflict between capitalism
and communismand communism
Release from SovietRelease from Soviet
DominationDomination
The renunciation of theThe renunciation of the
Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine (armed(armed
intervention in support ofintervention in support of
socialism) released thesocialism) released the
Eastern European statesEastern European states
from Soviet domination.from Soviet domination.
The communist rulers of theseThe communist rulers of these
states could not survive withoutstates could not survive without
the support of the Soviet Union.the support of the Soviet Union.
The Brezhnev Doctrine was
articulated in 1968 when the
Soviet army occupied
Czechoslovakia to end the
Prague Spring, an attempt by
Alexander Dubcek to build
“socialism with a human face.”
22. Nuclear disarmaments talks with RNuclear disarmaments talks with R
Nov 1985 – GenevaNov 1985 – Geneva
Summit, GenevaSummit, Geneva
SwitzerlandSwitzerland
1986 – Reykjavik,1986 – Reykjavik,
IcelandIceland
Establishment ofEstablishment of
goodwill that wasgoodwill that was
lacking after thelacking after the
abandonment ofabandonment of
détentedétente
Intermediate RangeIntermediate Range
Nuclear Forces (INF)Nuclear Forces (INF)
treaty, December 1987treaty, December 1987
23. Deideologisation of SovietDeideologisation of Soviet
foreign policyforeign policy
- extension of- extension of
Gorbachev’s NewGorbachev’s New
Thinking PolicyThinking Policy
Withdrawal ofWithdrawal of
Soviet troops fromSoviet troops from
Afghanistan fromAfghanistan from
May 1988 – FebMay 1988 – Feb
1989 after 101989 after 10
year of waryear of war
24. End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War
End of Soviet control over EasternEnd of Soviet control over Eastern
EuropeEurope
Gorbachev’s UN speech on the countryGorbachev’s UN speech on the country
right to choose its political and economicright to choose its political and economic
system.system.
Coupled withCoupled with The renunciation of theThe renunciation of the
Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine
The communist rulers of these states could notThe communist rulers of these states could not
survive without the support of the Soviet Unionsurvive without the support of the Soviet Union
25. The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism
With the iron grip of theWith the iron grip of the
centralized Soviet statecentralized Soviet state
relaxed and the growingrelaxed and the growing
failure of the state tofailure of the state to
adequately feed andadequately feed and
clothe its people,clothe its people,
nationalism in thenationalism in the
republics surged andrepublics surged and
separatist movementsseparatist movements
threatened the verythreatened the very
existence of the Sovietexistence of the Soviet
Union.Union. Super Cute Protesters:
Moldova: The hot, angry face of
nationalism - Apr 13, 2009
26. End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War
Watch the video and understand howWatch the video and understand how
the cold war endedthe cold war ended
27. Re-emergence of Nationalism in theRe-emergence of Nationalism in the
Eastern European blocEastern European bloc
Member states make use ofMember states make use of
the new freedom to overthrowthe new freedom to overthrow
the communist regimes withinthe communist regimes within
their countriestheir countries
Beginning in September 1989,Beginning in September 1989,
a wave of hugea wave of huge
demonstrations shookdemonstrations shook
Communist regimes acrossCommunist regimes across
eastern Europe.eastern Europe.
Breakaway of memberBreakaway of member
states in USSRstates in USSR
Poland in June 1989Poland in June 1989
Hungary and reunification ofHungary and reunification of
Germany in Oct 1989Germany in Oct 1989
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria andCzechoslovakia, Bulgaria and
Romania in December 1989Romania in December 1989
A total of 6 Eastern EuropeanA total of 6 Eastern European
states had broken awaystates had broken away
28. Solidarity Party underSolidarity Party under
Lech Walesa won theLech Walesa won the
seats that was freelyseats that was freely
contestedcontested
Inspired peacefulInspired peaceful
revolution in other partsrevolution in other parts
of eastern europeof eastern europe
31. 10 Dec 1989, leaders of10 Dec 1989, leaders of
the Czech Communistthe Czech Communist
Party agreed to holdParty agreed to hold
elections and resignedelections and resigned
32. RomaniaRomania
Dec 1989,Dec 1989,
Romanians revoltedRomanians revolted
and overthrewand overthrew
communist leadercommunist leader
Nicolae Ceaucescu’sNicolae Ceaucescu’s
brutal andbrutal and
repressiverepressive
government whengovernment when
the army turnedthe army turned
against himagainst him
April 1990, freeApril 1990, free
elections wereelections were
announcedannounced
34. President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall,
Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987
35. Reagan’s Brandenburg Gate SpeechReagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech
President Ronald Reagan called uponPresident Ronald Reagan called upon
Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall:Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall:
""In the Communist world, we see failure,In the Communist world, we see failure,
technological backwardness, decliningtechnological backwardness, declining
standards... Even today, the Soviet Unionstandards... Even today, the Soviet Union
cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusioncannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion
is that freedom is the victor. Generalis that freedom is the victor. General
Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,
if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union,if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union,
if you seek liberalization: Come here to thisif you seek liberalization: Come here to this
gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!
Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
36. The Wall Came DownThe Wall Came Down
Finally, on the night ofFinally, on the night of
November 9, 1989,November 9, 1989,
ordinary Germansordinary Germans
poured through thepoured through the
Berlin Wall.Berlin Wall.
The GDR quicklyThe GDR quickly
disintegrated, and bydisintegrated, and by
the end of 1990, all ofthe end of 1990, all of
East Germany had beenEast Germany had been
incorporated into theincorporated into the
wealthy, powerfulwealthy, powerful
Federal Republic ofFederal Republic of
Germany.Germany.
37. A tram is blocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their
banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and
independent unions.'
38.
39. Eastern
Bloc
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
7 Satellite
Countries:
Bulgaria,
Czech
Republic, East
Germany,
Hungary,
Poland,
Romania,
Slovakia
Disintegration of the Soviet UnionDisintegration of the Soviet Union
40. Disintegration of the SovietDisintegration of the Soviet
UnionUnion
The August Coup 1991The August Coup 1991
Hardliners horrified by imminentHardliners horrified by imminent
break-up of USSR.break-up of USSR.
1818thth
Aug – launched coup toAug – launched coup to
overthrow Gorbachev – placedoverthrow Gorbachev – placed
under house arrest.under house arrest.
Boris Yeltsin, then mayor ofBoris Yeltsin, then mayor of
Moscow boldly resisted theMoscow boldly resisted the
plotters – coup collapsed on 21plotters – coup collapsed on 21stst
Aug.Aug.
Though Gorbachev returned toThough Gorbachev returned to
power, his unpopularity andpower, his unpopularity and
attempted coup show his lack ofattempted coup show his lack of
power.power.
41. Independent RepublicsIndependent Republics
The Communist partyThe Communist party
quickly collapsed, andquickly collapsed, and
the Soviet Union beganthe Soviet Union began
the painful and uncertainthe painful and uncertain
process of reorganizingprocess of reorganizing
itself as a looseitself as a loose
confederation ofconfederation of
independent republics.independent republics.
42. Results of Gorbachev’s ReformsResults of Gorbachev’s Reforms
Re-emergence of Nationalism in theRe-emergence of Nationalism in the
eastern european bloceastern european bloc
Lithuania declared independence in March 1990, followedLithuania declared independence in March 1990, followed
suit by Latvia and Estonia.suit by Latvia and Estonia.
Collapse of USSRCollapse of USSR Dec 1991 – formationDec 1991 – formation
of Commonwealth of Independent Statesof Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS)(CIS)
Renamed the Russian Federation in DecRenamed the Russian Federation in Dec
19931993
A patchwork of 89 separate administrativeA patchwork of 89 separate administrative
districtsdistricts
43. Boris YeltsinBoris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin, whoBoris Yeltsin, who
headed the Russianheaded the Russian
Republic, replacedRepublic, replaced
Gorbachev as presidentGorbachev as president
of a much- diminishedof a much- diminished
state. Gorbachev foundstate. Gorbachev found
that there was nothat there was no
Soviet Union to leadSoviet Union to lead
and retired into privateand retired into private
life.life.
Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page
spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who
"clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“
44. Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize
Gorbachev won the 1989Gorbachev won the 1989
Nobel Peace Prize. HeNobel Peace Prize. He
brought a peaceful end tobrought a peaceful end to
the cold war, and dramaticthe cold war, and dramatic
change to his country'schange to his country's
economy, though not ineconomy, though not in
the way he intended.the way he intended.
45. The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War
The Cold War was over,The Cold War was over,
brought to a close not bybrought to a close not by
the missiles and tanks ofthe missiles and tanks of
the principal participants,the principal participants,
but by the collectivebut by the collective
courage and willpower ofcourage and willpower of
ordinary men and women.ordinary men and women.
46. Remaining Communist CountriesRemaining Communist Countries
At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens ofAt its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of
countries:countries:
Soviet UnionSoviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, andMoldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and
UzbekistanUzbekistan
Asian CountriesAsian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and
YemenYemen
Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countriesSoviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech: Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania,Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia.Slovakia.
The BalkansThe Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria,: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.
AfricaAfrica: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and
Mozambique.Mozambique.
CurrentlyCurrently only a handful of countries identified as communistonly a handful of countries identified as communist
remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.
