Đề và đáp án Linguistic 2

1. Polysemy: từ đa nghĩa (nhưng có chung nét nghĩa với nhau)
Homonymy: đồng âm, đồng tự (cách viết), khác nghĩa
bear /beə/ (n) : con gấu, bear /beə/ (v) : chịu đựng
Homophony: đồng âm, khác tự, khác nghĩa
know /əʊ/ : biết, no /əʊ/ : không
Homography: khác âm, đồng tự, khác nghĩa
lead /li:d/ (v) dẫn dắt, lãnh đạo, lead /led/ (v2)
read /ri:d/ (v) đọc,red /red/ (v2)
* Hyponymy: quan hệ thượng hạ vị
Superordinate (hypernym): thượng vị
Subordinate (hyponym): ha vị
Ví dụ:
→ color: hypernym; blue, black, orange, white, yellow ... : hyponym
→ animal: hypernym; dog, cat, shark, buffalo ... : hyponym
* Synonym: từ đồng nghĩa
+ True synonym: những từ có nghĩa giống nhau và có thể dùng thay thế cho nhau trong mọi hoàn
cảnh.
+ Partial synonym: những từ có nghĩa giống nhau nhưng chỉ có thể dùng thay thế nhau trong 1
vài trường hợp.
Ví dụ:
You have my deep sympathy. (Tôi thông cảm sâu sắc với bạn)
You have my profound sympathy. (Tôi thông cảm sâu sắc với bạn)
The river is deep. (Con sông sâu)
The river is profound. Wrong → profound có nghĩa "sâu" ở mức độ tình cảm, ko dùng để chỉ độ
sâu
A Syntax

2. Extra:
1. What are the functions of nominal clauses? Give two example of each.
Functions: there are 5 possible functions may fulfill in English clause structure: Subject (S), verb
(V), Object (O), Complement (C), Adjunct (A). Example:
Subject (S): The children is eating/ The story very good
V: the baby is eating/ the plane is flying.
O: I am a student/ He gave me some book.
C: the book very good./ She spoke very fast.
A: he played tennis yesterday.
P.I Choose the appropriate word or phrase that best completes each of the following
sentences. (l0ms)
1. The noun phrase in English is composed potentially of three parts
2. The head of noun phrase is a Noun
3. The pre-modification in a noun phrase consist of a number of word classes or sub-classes in a
specific order.
4. Auxiliary verbs serve to realize the grammatical categories associated with the verb phrase
esp. tense, aspect and mood
P.II State the type (categories) and functions of the underlined groups of words (15ms)
1. He grew her some roses Noun Phrase: Object
2. Every year the concert start at 8 pm Noun phrase: Adjunct
3. We treated them badly Adv P: Adjunct
4. He grew his pumpkins too large Adj P: Compliment
5. If they open all the windows, then I’m leaving. Adv P:Conjunct
6. The folks who live there raise orchids. Rel Cl: post-mod
7. Historians believe that golf originated in Scotland. Prep P: Adjunct
8. He will employ whoever is willing to work hard. Nominal clause: Object
9. That Romeo loves Juliet can be seen by anyone. Nominal clause: Subject
10. It seems strange that he hasn’t come to the meeting. Nominal Clause: (Adj) com
11. I bought an old dictionary >NP: O
12. Such ideas are objectionable >adj.P: Complement
13. The salesman who spoke only English could not communicate with my customers. >wh-
cl/Re Cl: post-mod

3. 14. I told my friends that it was safe >that Cl/ Nominal Clause: Direct Object
15. Whoever said that does not understand the question. Nominal Cl: S
16. Homely virtues are disappearing from city life. >Prep.P: Adjunct
17. Perhaps you are wrong but I will listen further. Adj.P: Complement
18. Tragically, the rescue party arrive too late. Adv.P: Disjunct
19. They sold him a house yesterday for one million dollars. Prep.P: Adjunct
20. I understand why she might like it. Nominal clause: Object
21. A great burger is great because of its prime beef. NP:(prep)O
22. Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. Prep.P:
23. World processors can be a blessing for those of us who write illegibly. Adv.P:Adjunct
24. Homely virtues are disappearing from city life. NP: Noun modifier
25. Perhaps you are wrong but I will listen further. NP:S
26. I was amazed at Patrick’s indifference. AdjP:C
27. Tom fears that no one will believe him. That-Cl: Object
28. I am aware that he is abroad. That-cl:C/adj modifier
29. Joise danced all night >NP:A
30. The people in the bus escaped through the emergency exit>PrepP: postmodifier
31. She quietly entered the library.>Adv.P: Adjunct
32. The performance was a test of their physical endurance>NP:C
33. The fridge keeps the beer cool: Adj.P:C
34. Marcel didn’t study for his finals. Consequently, he failed out of school. >Adv.P: Conjunct
35. She has stopped teaching English. >non finite: O
36. I want to ask your sister a question > non finite:O
37. You musn’t forget to take you key with you whenver you go out. >prepP: Adjunct
38. I’ll see you tomorrow, in front of the office: NP:A
39. They consider poor old Andy insane. >Adj.P: C
40. Buster admitted everything frankly. >Adv.P:A
P.III Underline the clause elements of the following sentences, and determine their
functions. If the adjunct is optional, put it within brackets (15ms)
1. David considered it accurate SVOC
2. The baby was lying on his back SVA
3. The house where I grew up has been sold SV where I grew up (post mod)
4. He wrote his Ph. D on the climate SVO
5. He greets us with great courtesy. SVOA
6. This paint is green SVC
7. What she did shocked me. SVO
8. I (just) hate theme park. S(A)VO
9. I know that it is wrong. SVO
10. Most Third World nations experience economic difficulties. SVO

4. 11. Your kid ate all the candy. SVO
12. Skill is essential. SVC
13. That Sam was mad was obvious. SVA
14. It is said that Juliet can’t date Romeo. Dummy VCS
15. The porter reminded the guests where they should leave their luggage. SVOO
16. He met the ambassador from Thailand yesterday. SVO(A)
17. I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was. SVO
18. The question is how he will get the money. SVC
19. The fridge keeps the beer cool. SVOC
20. The meeting lasted for three hours. SV(A)
21. Toxic waste threatens our habitat. SVO
22. Henri taught the children French. SVOO
23. The extra money helped John to be independent. SVOC
24. The manager informed the audience that the show had been cancelled. SVOO
25. Our pipes froze last night. SV(A)
26. We consider that Frank has been badly treated. SVO
27. I am sure that he didn’t do that. SVC
28. He baked his dad a cake. SVOO
29. They will tell us the same story tomorrow. SVOO(A)
30. Most of us are dreading this evening. SVO
31. Financially, it is a good investment >Disjunct SVC
32. Learning a foreign language is no easy task: SVC
P. IV Draw the tree diagrams for the following ambiguous sentences (10ms)
1a. The tourist wanted to visit more interesting places (SVO)
(The tourists wanted to visit more places, which are interesting)
more = determiner, modifying the noun head “places”
1b. The tourist wanted to visit more interesting places (SVO)
(The tourists wanted to visit other places, which are more interesting)
more = adverb of degree.
2a) John likes flying planes SVO
(John likes the planes which are flying)
2b) John likes flying planes SVO

5. (John likes to fly planes.)
3a) He gave her cat food (SVOO)
(He gave her the food for cats)
3b) He gave her cat food. SVOA
(He gave her cat some food)
4a) Visiting relatives can be a nuisance. (SVC)
(To visit one’s relatives can be a nuisance)
4b) Visiting relatives can be a nuisance.
(The relatives who visit someone can be a nuisance)
5
B. SEMATICS
P.I (15ms)
PART II: Briefly explain the following questions, (10ms)
l. What are homophones? Give examples.
Words have the same sound but are written differently and often have different meanings
(+ examples: flower-flour / two-too...).
2. Are there any referring expressions in an equative sentence?
There are two referring expressions.
3. A hyponymy is a more specific term.... Does it apply to fewer or more things?
It applies to fewer things. It refers to a particular referent.
4. Can we make a list of predicators? Why (not)?
No, we can't because it depends on a particular predicate in a particular sentence.

6. 5. Can we make a list of what a speaker says?
No, we can’t. Speakers meaning depends on the context.
PART III.Examine the following list of words and then answer the questions given below.
(5sms)
Deep, female, sell, shallow, male, large, lead, big, profound, lead, buy
1. Identify a pair of homographs. >lead-lead,
2. Identify a pair of gradable antonyms>deep-shallow, thin-thick
3. Identify a pair of converses>sell-buy, own-belong to, teacher-student
4. Identify a pair of binary antonyms>female-male, possible-impossible
5. Identify a pair of synonyms>deep-profound, big-large, own-belong to
PART IV Identify the speakermeaning in each of the underline utterances. (8ms) (cho ra)
1. A: How did you do on these exams?
B: I failed physics. {B passed all the other exams.)
2. A: Where’s the salad dressing?
B: We’ve run out of olive oil. (B didn't make the salad dressing.)
3.Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone angry?
Mary: Let’s go to get some coffee. (Mary implies that “I can not tell you here, I will tell you
at a coffee shop”)
4. Paul: I didn’t take it.
Virginia: Why do you always lie? (Virginia implies that, “I believe you took it”)
5.A: where’s Meredith.
B:the control room or the science lab (Implication: B doesn’t know which of the two places
Meredith is)
6.A: Smith doesn’t seem to have a girlfriend.
B: He has been going often to New York lately. (Smith has girlfriend in New York)
7.A:Do you want to go to the movies tonight?
B: My little sister is coming for a visit. (B doesn’t go to the movies tonigh, B little sister is
coming for a visit)

7. 8. Doris: what do you think of this necklace and bracelet?
Patrick: the bracelet is beautiful. (The necklace is not beautiful)
A: Did you buy the car?
B: It cost twice as much as I thought it would. (B didn´t buy the car)
Part V: Explain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two
sentences that paraphrase the two meanings. (12ms) (cho ra)
1. The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.
1a) The mother of the boy and the girl is arriving soon.
1b) The mother of the boy and the girl are arriving soon.
2. He saw the petrol can explode.
2a) He looked at the explosion of the box of petrol.
2b) He understood that the petrol may explode.
3.John told Jack that he had committed a crime.
3a) John told Jack that Jack had committed a crime.
3b) John told Jack that John himself had committed a crime.
4.I’ll tell you when they arrive
4a)when they arrive, I’ll tell you.
4b) I’ll tell you the time they arrive.
5.Bill sold the car to his brother in Perth.
5a)Bill’s brother bought the Bill’s car in Perth.
5b)
6.She can’t bear children.
6a) She can’t give birth to children.
6b) She cannot tolerate children

8. 7.I saw what he was talking about.
7a) I observed what he was talking about.
7b)I understand what he was talking about
8.Jill doesn’t like her husband, and neither does Sue.
8a)Jill and Sue don’t like Jill’s husband.
8b)Jill doesn’t like her husband and Sue also doesn’t like her own husband.
9.he is an American history teacher.
9a)He is a teacher of history who is from American.
9b)He is a teacher who teaches American history
10) John promised to behave himself at the party.
EXTRA semantic. (midterm)
I.Read each of the following sentences and decide whether it is True or False
1) In English, the identity relation is expressed in equative sentences. T
2) John is older than himself is a contradictory sentence. T
3) Sam’s wife is married is an ambiguous sentences. F
4) Word meaning and sentence meaning are interrelated. T
5) Proper names cannot be used as referring expressions F
6) Polysemy designates s situation in which a single word has a set of related meanings. T
7) Mary is married to Hans is paraphrase of Hans is married to Mary. T
8) The Morning Star and The Evening Star have the same referent (nhieu nghia nhung chi
mot thu) T
9) Stupid and smart are synonyms. F
10) A tree-place predicate has two arguments. F
11) He in the sentence We believe that he is invincible is a deictic term. T
12) The sentences of bed is included in the sense of furniture. F

9. II. Consider the pair of words given in (1)-(8) below, and which of the following terms best
characterize the relationship: gradable antonyms (G), binary antonyms (B),
relational/converse antonyms(R/C), homophones (H),hyponyms (HY) synonyms (S):
1. Thin-thick: G 5. rose-rows: H
2. Teacher-student:R/C Male-famale: B
3. Animal-cat: HY 7.big-large: S
4. Possible-impossible: B 8. own-belong to: R/C
III. What sense relation can be found between the two sentences in each of the following
paraphrase (P); entailment (E), contradictoriness (C)
1. (a)Mary is my sister
(b) I am only child in the family. =>C
2. (a) No one have led the perfect life.
(b) Some people have a perfect life =>C
3. (a) The house was concealed by the tress
(b)the house was hidden by the tree. =>P
4. John stole the car.

10. John took the car =>E
IV. Arrange the words in each group so that every word is hyponym of the word
immediately before it.
a) mouse,rodent,mammal:>mammal, rodent, mouse
b) house,building,bungalow,structure:>structure,building,house,bungalow
c) run, jog,move:>move,run, jog
d) pistol,weapon, firearm,revolver:>weapon,pistol,revolver,firearm
e) person,uncle,relative:>person,relative,uncle
f) dog,beast,beagle,hound:>beast,dog,hound,beagle
g) pilfer,steal,take:>take,steal,pilfer
h) fry,cook, sate>cook,fry,sate
i) chicken,fowl,bird,animal>animal, bird, chicken,fowl
j) ox, animal, beast of burden> animal, beast of burden, ox
k) citrus fruit, fruit, lemon> fruit, citrus fruit, lemon
l) lettuce, vegetable, salad vegetable> vegetable, salad vegetable, lettuce,
m) animal, turtle, reptile> animal, reptile, turtle
n) Stroll, move, walk>move, stroll, walk
o) Tree, plant, pine> plant, tree, pine
p) Beer, lager, drink> drink. Beer, lager
q) Fruit, mango, tropical fruit> Fruit, tropical fruit, mango
Extra Syntax

11. 6.When the mail arrived, she had already left. > Adverbial Cl