3. Tres aspectos de estrés 1. El estrés es un estímulo. Consiste de demandas del ambiente que provocan respuestas físicas. Un grado moderado de estrés es necesario, y nos motiva para avanzar por la vida y realizar las cosas – es estimulante. 2. El estrés es una respuesta. “El Síndrome Adaptación General.” 3. El estrés es la interacción entre el estímulo y la forma en que la persona lo percibe.
4. Conducta desadaptada en respuesta a diferentes tipos de estrés: Estrés por un cambio en la vida Situaciones que se originan repentinamente Situaciones que se desarrollan gradualmente Estrés de responsabilidad Estrés por dar servicios de cuidado Estigmatización racial o socio-económica Estrés laboral Mobbing; acoso; surmenaje
5.
6. Cuando ocurren eventos traumáticos esperados y la persona se preparó física, emocional y espiritualmente para ellos, no crean el mismo estrés que cuando suceden eventos traumáticos no esperados.
7.
8. Muchas personas de personalidad tipo A, disfrutan de alta nivel de actividades, pero dicen que no se sienten estrés.
9. Es porque estrés resulta cuando una persona percibe que no puede lidiar más con la presión de las responsabilidades que acompaña las actividades.
10. Mientras que la persona tipo A está en control de los eventos, está feliz. Es cuando percibe que ha perdido el control, o que está por perderlo, que se estresa.
11.
12. Factores que producen estrés La inestabilidad en el empleo y los problemas financieros. Pobre comunicación en relaciones importantes. Una vida centrada en si misma. Falta de comprensión y preparación para las etapas normales de desarrollo en la vida. Personalidad “Tipo A”
13. Actitudes que aumentan el estrés Preocupación – Filipenses 4:6-8 Inseguridad – Juan 15:4,5 Perfeccionismo – Filipenses 3:13-14 Impaciencia – Gálatas 5:22, 23 Rigidez – Efesios 4:2 Incapacidad de relajarse –Isaías 30:15 Ira y mal genio – Efesios 4:31-32 Falta de humor y poco entusiasmo en la vida – Filipenses 4:11 Competencia – II Corintios 10:12 Autoimagen: autoexaltación o autodesprecio – Ro. 12:3
15. La experiencia y el éxito para manejar situaciones similares – Filipenses 4:11, 12. La confianza en sí mismo con bases sólidas – Filipenses 4:13. La capacidad de permanecer tranquilo – Filipenses 4:6-7. No dejarse vencer por el problema – Romanos 8:37-38.
16. La confianza completa en Dios – Isaías 26:3,4; Salmo 9:10; 31:14, 15. Una respuesta informal y orientada hacia una tarea que se da ante una situación difícil, es casi siempre más eficaz que estar ansioso, enojado o a la defensiva.-- II Tesalonicenses 2:16, 17 -- I Tesalonicenses 5:15-- I Pedro 3:9-11; 5:6-9
17. El Proceso de Afrontamiento la vida normal inmadurez crecimiento espiritual
18. El Proceso de Afrontamiento la vida en crisis inmadurez crecimiento espiritual
19. El Proceso de Afrontamiento Reacción Positiva Recursos y habilidades presentes Resiliencia Percepción realista Perspectiva constructiva Equipo de apoyo Reacción Negativa Falta de habilidades y recursos Vulnerabilidad Percepción no realista Negación Falta de apoyo Intensificación de crisis o resuelta en forma inmadura. Crisis resuelta y crecimiento espiritual.
20. Recursos personales: Buscar la información pertinente. Compartir preocupaciones y encontrar consuelo cuando se necesita. Redefinir una situación de manera que se facilite su solución. Considerar las alternativas y analizar las consecuencias. Emplear el sentido del humor para hacer menos tensa una situación.
21. Recursos espirituales: La presencia y poder de Dios (Hebreos 13:5). El conocimiento de la Palabra de Dios (II Pedro 1:3; Salmo 119:28). La dependencia en el Espíritu Santo (Ro 15:13). El gozo del Señor: “Estad siempre gozosos” (I Tesalonicenses 5:16). La oración: “Orad sin cesar” (I Tes. 5:17). Una actitud de gratitud: “Dad gracias en todo” (I Tesalonicenses 5:18).
22. Un enfoque integral sobre cómo ayudar a las personas a controlar el estrés de manera más eficaz Muchas personas están afrontando su estrés de la manera equivocada. Se estresan todo el día y se relajan sólo en vacaciones una vez al año.
28. El estréscomounarespuestafisiológica El mayor riesgo a la salud causado por el estrés es la debilitación del sistema imunológico del cuerpo. El Síndrome de Adaptación General de Selye ilustratra el peligro. Shock Countershock El nivel normal de resistencia a estrés Resistencia a estrés Fase3 Agotamiento (Colapso) Fase2 Etapa de resistencia Fase 1 Reacción de alarma
29. Cambios en el SistemaNervioso Autónomo Hipotálamos Pituitaria Ojos Piel Pulmones Corazón y circulación Hígado Músculos Adrenalina Sistema digestivo Durante la etapade alarma, aparecenlos síntomas: respiraciónentrecortada y acelerada, aumento del ritmocardiaco, aumento de la presión arterial, sensación de tener un nudo en la garganta o en el estómago, ansiedad, angustia.
30. Cambios en el SistemaNervioso Autónomo Hipotálamos Pituitaria Ojos Piel Pulmones Corazón y circulación Hígado Músculos Adrenalina Sistema digestivo La resistenciaes la segundafase, la adaptación al estrés. Secretaotrashormonas (los glucorticoides) queelevan la glucosa al nivelque el organismonecesitapara el buenfuncionamiento del corazón, del cerebro y de los músculosy así permitecompensar los gastos de energíaocasionadospor el estado de estrés eimpedirel agotamiento del organismo.
31. Cambios en el SistemaNervioso Autónomo Hipotálamos Pituitaria Ojos Piel Pulmones Corazón y circulación Hígado Músculos Adrenalina Sistema digestivo Cuando se presenta un cuadroconstante y severo de estrés, el organismopierdesucapacidad de respuesta y se agota. El organismo se colapsa y ya no puededefenderse de lassituaciones de agresión. Las reservaspsíquicas y biológicas se agotan y la persona se enferma.
33. Estréspsicológico y desórdenesfísicos Desordenespsicofisiológicos (psicosomáticos) Enfermedadesafectadasporfactoresemocionales Acercamientoholistico: nuestroestilo de vida,estado mental y estadoespiritualafectannuestrobienestarfísico.
34. Estrategias para lidiar con el estrés: Cambiar la reacción biológica. Aprender a leer las señales de estrés en el cuerpo.
41. Entregar todas las ansiedades a Dios. Confiar en la soberanía de Dios. Disciplinar la mente para no preocuparse. Mateo 6:25, 33-34; 11:28-29; I Pedro 5:8
42.
43. Es difícil estar estresado cuando el corazón está lleno con la paz de Dios que sobrepasa todo entendimiento, (Fil. 4:6-7).
48. Cambiar las prácticas que producen estrés. Escoger un nuevo estilo de vida. Caminar, hablar, comer y en general, vivir más despacio. Jesús caminó (Marcos 16:12). Organizarse. Empezar cada día con una lista de quehaceres, acomodar sus prioridades. Usar una agenda (Proverbios 6:6-8).
49. Presupuestar el tiempo para poder cumplir las tarea y cumplir con su presupuesto de tiempo (horario) (Proverbios 6:16-17). Eliminar eventos de su agenda. Asignar prioridad a todas sus responsabilidades y borrar lo no esencial para que quede al final. Determinar no asumir nuevas responsabilidades que producirían más estrés (Lucas 10:38-42).
52. No refugiarse en símismocuando se sienteestresado. Salir con amigos y colegas. Intercambiar ideas con ellosayudaliberar la tensión.
53.
54. Situaciones estresantes y transiciones de la vida Situaciones desencadenantes de estrés (por ejemplo: la muerte, asistir al kinder o la universidad, los accidentes, desastres naturales, combates militares, etc.). Crisis personales. Violación. Luto y duelo. Transiciones en la vida.
55. Reacciones clínicas ante el estrés Trastornos adaptivos. Trastornos por estrés agudo. Trastornos disociativos – DSM-IV-TR. Amnesia disociativa. Fuga disociativa. Trastorno de identidad disociativo. Trastorno de despersonalización.
56. Tratamiento y Consejería Terapia de apoyo. Fármacos. Entrenamiento en relajación. Desensibilización sistemática. Modificación cognitiva. Intervención social. Ayuda espiritual.
57. Un caso de estudio: Estrésespiritual La LetraEscarlata Por Nathaniel Hawthorne
Notas do Editor
heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer. The list of diseases linked to stress is almost endless, and includes asthma, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcers, ulcerative colitis and migraineheadachesHypertension - High Blood PressureSituations of high environmental pressure constrict the body’s blood vessels. For persons with high blood pressure, the brain’s message to release the constriction does not transmit and blood pressure rises and remains at an unhealthy level.“Type A” personalities appear to be at a special risk for coronary heart disease as a result of the intense stress under which they often put themselves.Ulcer- An open sore in the wall of the digestive lining of the stomach. PrevalenceAfflicts about 10% of the population.More common in men than women.Most common in middle-age.Predisposition:When under intense pressure, people that are apparently predisposed to ulcer formations, overproduce stomach acids making ulcers more likely than in a normal persons.Gastric secretions consist of Mucous (protects stomach lining), Pepsin (breaks down proteins), and HCL (aids indigestion).Predisposed people produce more pepsin and acids under stress.SIDA - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Man who had 6 months to live (living on 40 pills a day), prepared to die and then began to ride among 2300 cross-country cyclists to raise funds and awareness for AIDS. That lifted his depression and despair and has since lived 18 years. ObesidadPrevalence15-50% of the U.S. population are obese (over 20% overweight).Incidences increase with age.Highest rates in lower socioeconomic groups.Relation to StressWhile some people react to stress by loss of appetite, others react by developing unhealthy eating habits.Habits of “munching on sweets” can be a special problem when under stress.migraine headachemuscle-contracted headacheInsomnia - the chronic inability to sleepRehearsing stressful events in one’s mind while in bed may inhibit restful sleep.Insomniacs sometimes review their day trying to determine how things could be different and planning the next day’s activities.When such mental exercises arouse the sympathetic nervous system, sleep becomes difficult.Circadian rhythm disorders - times that are inconsistent with circadian rhythms, the cycles dictated by their “biological clocks”
Al principio, su presión sanguínea se eleva, su pulso se acelera e incluso puede empezar a sudar. Estas respuestas son parte de un patrón general de reacciones conocido como síndrome de ataque o huida, un proceso controlado por el sistema nervioso simpático.Hans Selye (1976) Síndrome de adaptación general SAGconsta de tres etapas. La primera es la etapa de alarma, en que el cuerpo se prepara para la acción inmediata; la activación del sistema nervioso simpático libera hormonas que permiten al cuerpo se prepare para enfrentar los peligros o amenazas. Si el estrés se prolonga empieza la etapa de resistencia. Durante esta segunda etapa la activación es menor que durante la etapa de alarma, pero el cuerpo continúa produciendo recursos a una tasa superior a lo normal para afrontar de manera efectiva el estresor. La exposición continua al mismo estresor o a otros estresores consume los recursos del cuerpo y conduce a la tercera etapa, agotamiento durante la cual nuestra capacidad de resistencia es consumida y aumenta nuestra susceptibilidad a la enfermedad. En casos severos de estrés físico prolongado, el resultado puede ser la muerte.
Listening to Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. You can read for free here (if you have a Kindle you can download). Hawthorne does a fantastic job illustrating the anguish of unconfessed sin. Despite the book being about Hester Prynne and her reception of the scarlet letter, Rev. Dimmesdale takes center stage with his struggle with his own sin shame and his unwillingness to speak the truth.For those of you who read this back in the dark ages of high school, you will remember it takes place in Puritan Boston and Hester is a known adulterer given her lack of a husband and her infant daughter just born. She is branded with the scarlet letter but refuses to reveal her paramour.Rev. Dimmesdale is a staunch reformer but in chapter 11 you see what his interior life is like and his torment between his perception of his own sin shame and the way his community views him (as near saint).It is inconceivable, the agony with which this public veneration tortured him. It was his genuine impulse to adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and utterly devoid of weight or value, that had not its divine essence as the life within their life. Then what was he?—a substance?—or the dimmest of all shadows? He longed to speak out from his own pulpit at the full height of his voice, and tell the people what he was. "I, whom you behold in these black garments of the priesthood—I, who ascend the sacred desk, and turn my pale face heavenward, taking upon myself to hold communion in your behalf with the Most High Omniscience—I, in whose daily life you discern the sanctity of Enoch—I, whose footsteps, as you suppose, leave a gleam along my earthly track, whereby the Pilgrims that shall come after me may be guided to the regions of the blest—I, who have laid the hand of baptism upon your children—I, who have breathed the parting prayer over your dying friends, to whom the Amen sounded faintly from a world which they had quitted—I, your pastor, whom you so reverence and trust, am utterly a pollution and a lie!"More than once, Mr. Dimmesdale had gone into the pulpit, with a purpose never to come down its steps until he should have spoken words like the above. More than once he had cleared his throat, and drawn in the long, deep, and tremulous breath, which, when sent forth again, would come burdened with the black secret of his soul. More than once—nay, more than a hundred times—he had actually spoken! Spoken! But how? He had told his hearers that he was altogether vile, a viler companion of the vilest, the worst of sinners, an abomination, a thing of unimaginable iniquity, and that the only wonder was that they did not see his wretched body shrivelled up before their eyes by the burning wrath of the Almighty! Could there be plainer speech than this? Would not the people start up in their seats, by a simultaneous impulse, and tear him down out of the pulpit which he defiled? Not so, indeed! They heard it all, and did but reverence him the more. They little guessed what deadly purport lurked in those self-condemning words. "The godly youth!" said they among themselves. "The saint on earth! Alas! if he discern such sinfulness in his own white soul, what horrid spectacle would he behold in thine or mine!" The minister well knew—subtle, but remorseful hypocrite that he was!—the light in which his vague confession would be viewed. He had striven to put a cheat upon himself by making the avowal of a guilty conscience, but had gained only one other sin, and a self-acknowledged shame, without the momentary relief of being self-deceived. He had spoken the very truth, and transformed it into the veriest falsehood. And yet, by the constitution of his nature, he loved the truth, and loathed the lie, as few men ever did. Therefore, above all things else, he loathed his miserable self!His inward trouble drove him to practices more in accordance with the old, corrupted faith of Rome than with the better light of the church in which he had been born and bred. In Mr. Dimmesdale's secret closet, under lock and key, there was a bloody scourge. Oftentimes, this Protestant and Puritan divine had plied it on his own shoulders, laughing bitterly at himself the while, and smiting so much the more pitilessly because of that bitter laugh. It was his custom, too, as it has been that of many other pious Puritans, to fast—not however, like them, in order to purify the body, and render it the fitter medium of celestial illumination—but rigorously, and until his knees trembled beneath him, as an act of penance. He kept vigils, likewise, night after night, sometimes in utter darkness, sometimes with a glimmering lamp, and sometimes, viewing his own face in a looking-glass, by the most powerful light which he could throw upon it. He thus typified the constant introspection wherewith he tortured, but could not purify himself. In these lengthened vigils, his brain often reeled, and visions seemed to flit before him; perhaps seen doubtfully, and by a faint light of their own, in the remote dimness of the chamber, or more vividly and close beside him, within the looking-glass. Now it was a herd of diabolic shapes, that grinned and mocked at the pale minister, and beckoned him away with them; now a group of shining angels, who flew upward heavily, as sorrow-laden, but grew more ethereal as they rose. Now came the dead friends of his youth, and his white-bearded father, with a saint-like frown, and his mother turning her face away as she passed by. Ghost of a mother—thinnest fantasy of a mother—methinks she might yet have thrown a pitying glance towards her son! And now, through the chamber which these spectral thoughts had made so ghastly, glided Hester Prynne leading along little Pearl, in her scarlet garb, and pointing her forefinger, first at the scarlet letter on her bosom, and then at the clergyman's own breast.None of these visions ever quite deluded him. At any moment, by an effort of his will, he could discern substances through their misty lack of substance, and convince himself that they were not solid in their nature, like yonder table of carved oak, or that big, square, leather-bound and brazen-clasped volume of divinity. But, for all that, they were, in one sense, the truest and most substantial things which the poor minister now dealt with. It is the unspeakable misery of a life so false as his, that it steals the pith and substance out of whatever realities there are around us, and which were meant by Heaven to be the spirit's joy and nutriment. To the untrue man, the whole universe is false—it is impalpable—it shrinks to nothing within his grasp. And he himself in so far as he shows himself in a false light, becomes a shadow, or, indeed, ceases to exist. The only truth that continued to give Mr. Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the anguish in his inmost soul, and the undissembled expression of it in his aspect. Had he once found power to smile, and wear a face of gaiety, there would have been no such man!This is a long quote but you can see the psychological and spiritual torture of unconfessed sin and the public/private divide. At one level Dimmesdale is painted as one who can really relate too the common sinner. At another level, he is tortured by his living a false persona.
