Fundamental of computers by Neeraj Bhandari ( Surkhet.Nepal )

Fundamentals of Computer
Applications
Shaveta
Assistant Professor
CSE
SHARDA University

The Computer Defined
 Electronic device
 Converts data into information
 Modern computers are digital
Two digits combine to make data (0, 1)
Defining Computers 3
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 Older computers were analog
A range of values made data
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 Older computers were analog
A more manageable type -- the old-fashioned slide rule
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Basic Organization of Computer
6Defining Computers
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CPU
 It is a core component of the computer. It executes user’s
instructions and processes calculations.
 Like the chief commander of the army, the CPU controls and
coordinates various devices in the computer system.
 Without the CPU, the devices cannot work together and so
the computer cannot function.
 It is often a etched on a chip and is usually called a
microprocessor.
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Basic units of CPU
It has basically to main units
 CU(Control Unit)
 ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
Control
unit
Arithmetic
and logic
unit
Some
registers
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Control Unit
 The control unit executes the instructions, sends control
signals to and receive control signals from peripheral
devices.
 In other words, it controls the whole computer, and
directs the entire system to carry out instructions.
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Arithmetic unit
Logic unit
handles arithmetic
calculations
performs logical
calculations and makes
judgement like “if A > B is
true”.
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Registers
 When the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit
operate, they store the information and instruction temporarily
in registers.
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Program Executions
 The diagram shows how the CPU executes an instruction:
Main memory
Fetch
Arithmetic and
logic unit
Control unit
ExecuteDecode
This is called machine
cycle.
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 Before a computer executes instructions, they are first
placed in the main memory.

Fetching
Program Executions
 The control unit gets the next program instruction from the
main memory.
Decoding
 The control unit decodes what the instruction means.
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Executing
Program Executions
 The ALU executes arithmetic and logical instructions.
It means that the ALU controls and performs the actual
operation on the data.
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Computers for Individual Use
 Computers can
be shared by
multiple users
but can be used
by only one
person at a time.
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 Although PCs are used by individuals,
they also can be connected together to create networks.
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 Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks
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 Desktop computers
Different design types
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 Workstations
Specialized computers
Optimized for science or graphics
More powerful than a desktop
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 Notebook computers
Small portable computers
Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
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 Notebook computers
About 8 ½ by 11 inches
Typically as powerful as a desktop
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 Tablet computers
Newest development
in portable
computers
Input is through
a pen
Run specialized
versions of office
products
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 Handheld computers, palm computer
Very small computers
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact management
Data can synchronize with a desktop
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 Smart phones
Hybrid of cell
phone and PDA
Web surfing,
E-mail access
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Computers for Organizations
 Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
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 Network servers
Flexibility to different kinds of tasks
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Computers for OrganizationsComputers for Organizations
Defining Computers
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 Network servers
Users use the Internet as a means of connecting
even if away from the offices.
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 Mainframes
Used in large organizations
Handle thousands of users
Users access through a terminal
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 Mainframes
Large and powerful systems
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 Minicomputers
Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal
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 Supercomputers
The most powerful
computers made
Handle large and
complex calculations
Process trillions of
operations per
second
Found in research
organizations
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Computers in Society
 More impact than any other invention
Changed work and leisure activities
Used by all demographic groups
 Computers are important because:
Provide information to users
Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult
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 Impact of computers
Like the Impact of automobile
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 The benefits of using computers
As varied as users
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 Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Computers are used for Communication
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 Computers at home
Computers are used for
Business
Entertainment
Schoolwork
Finances
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 Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
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 Computers in small business
Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage
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 Computers in industry
Computers are
 used to design
 products
Assembly
 lines are
 automated
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 Computers in government
Necessary to track data for population
Police officers
Tax calculation and collection
Governments were the first computer users
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 Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care
New treatments possible
Scheduling of patients has improved
Delivery of medicine is safer
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Memory
 Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs
(sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information)
on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or
other digital electronic device.
 Primary memory is used for the information in physical systems
which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from Secondary memory,
which are physical devices for program and data storage which are
slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory
stored on secondary memory is called "virtual memory".
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 The term "storage" is often (but not always) used in separate
computers of traditional secondary memory such as tape, magnetic
disks and optical discs (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM). The term
"memory" is often (but not always) associated with
addressable semiconductor memory, i.e. integrated
circuits consisting of silicon-based transistors, used for example
as primary memory but also other purposes in computers and
other digital electronic devices.
 There are two main types of semiconductor
memory: volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile
memory are flash memory (sometimes used as secondary,
sometimes primary computer memory)
and ROM/PROM/EPROM/EEPROM memory (used
for firmware such as boot programs). Examples of volatile
memory are primary memory (typically dynamic RAM, DRAM),
and fast CPU cache memory (typically static RAM, SRAM, which
is fast but energy-consuming and offer lower memory capacity per
area unit than DRAM) .
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Classification of Memory
Memory
Volatile Non-Volatile
computer memory that requires
power to maintain the stored
information.
computer memory that can
retain the stored information
even when not powered.
•RAM
•DRAM (e.g., DDR SDRAM)
•SRAM
•Cache
•ROM
•PROM
•EPROM
•EEPROM
•Flash memory
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Full Form Type Function
RAM Read and Write
Memory
Volatile RAM is a form of data storage that can be
accessed randomly at any time, in any
order and from any physical location.
DRAM Dynamic RAM Volatile that stores each bit of data in a
separate capacitor within an integrated
circuit.
SRAM Static RAM Volatile Each bit in an SRAM is stored on
four transistors (M1, M2, M3, M4) that
form two cross-coupled inverters
CACHE Volatile Cache is a kind of RAM which a computer
system can access more responsively than
it can in regular RAM.
ROM Read only Memory Non-Volatile Read-only memory or ROM is also a form
of data storage that can not be easily
altered or reprogrammed.
PROM Programmable
read-only memory
Non-Volatile is a form of digital memory where the
setting of each bit is locked by
a fuse or antifuse.
EPROM Erasable
programmable read
only memory
Non-Volatile is a type of memory chip that retains its
data when its power supply is switched off
FLASH Non-Volatile which is intended to contribute to portable
storage and a convenient transfer of data
from one computer to another.

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