2. I. INTRODUCTION
II. ORGANIZATION OF THE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
III. THE SPOT MARKET
IV. THE FORWARD MARKET
V.INTEREST RATE PARITY
THEORY
3. I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Currency Market:
where money
denominated in one
currency is bought and sold
with money
denominated in another
currency.
4. B. International Trade and
Capital Transactions:
- facilitated with the ability
to transfer purchasing power
between countries
5. C. Location
1. OTC-type: no specific
location
2. Most trades by phone,
telex, or SWIFT
SWIFT: Society for Worldwide
Interbank Financial
Telecommunications
6. I . PARTICIPANTS IN THE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
A. Participants at 2 Levels
1. Wholesale Level (95%)
- major banks
2. Retail Level
- business
customers.
7. B. Two Types of Currency
Markets
1. Spot Market:
- immediate transaction
- recorded by 2nd
business day
14. B. Results:
1. Reduces cost of trading
2. Threatens traders’
oligopoly of information
3. Provides liquidity
15. IV. SIZE OF THE MARKET
A. Largest in the world
1995: $1.2 trillion daily
16. B. Market Centers (1995):
London =$464 billion
daily
New York= $244 billion
daily
Tokyo = $161 billion
daily
17. I. SPOT QUOTATIONS
A. Sources
1. All major newspapers
2. Major currencies have
four different quotes:
a. spot price
b. 30-day
c. 90-day
d. 180-day
18. B. Method of Quotation
1. For interbank dollar
trades:
a. American terms
example: $.5838/dm
b. European terms
example: dm1.713/$
19. 2. For nonbank customers:
Direct quote
gives the home currency price
of one unit of foreign currency.
EXAMPLE: dm0.25/FF
20. C. Transactions Costs
1. Bid-Ask Spread
used to calculate the fee
charged by the bank
Bid = the price at which the
bank is willing to buy
Ask = the price it will sell
the currency
23. 2. Calculating Cross Rates
When you want to know
what the dm/ cross rate is,
and you know
dm2/US$ and .55/US$
then dm/ = dm2/US$ ÷ .55/US$
= dm3.636/
24. E. Currency Arbitrage
1. If cross rates differ from
one financial center to
another, and profit
opportunities exist.
25. 2. Buy cheap in one int’l market,
sell at a higher price in
another
3. Role of Available Information
26. F.Settlement Date Value Date:
1. Date monies are due
2. 2nd Working day after date of
original transaction.
27. G. Exchange Risk
1. Bankers = middlemen
a. Incurring risk of adverse
exchange rate moves.
b. Increased uncertainty
about future exchange
rate requires
29. SPOT TRANSACTIONS: An
Example
Step 1. Currency transaction:
verbal agreement, U.S.
importer specifies:
a. Account to debit (his acct)
b. Account to credit
(exporter)
30. Step 2. Bank sends importer
contract note including:
- amount of foreign
currency
- agreed exchange rate
- confirmation of Step 1.
31. Step 3. Settlement
Correspondent bank in Hong
Kong transfers HK$ from
nostro account to exporter’s.
Value Date.
U.S. bank debits importer’s
account.
32. I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition of a Forward
Contract
an agreement between a bank and a
customer to deliver a specified amount
of currency against another
currency at a specified future date
and at a fixed exchange rate.
33. 2. Purpose of a Forward:
Hedging
the act of reducing exchange
rate risk.
34. B. Forward Rate Quotations
1. Two Methods:
a. Outright Rate: quoted to
commercial customers.
b. Swap Rate: quoted in the
interbank market as a
discount or premium.
35. CALCULATING THE FORWARD PREMIUM
OR DISCOUNT
= F-S x 12 x 100
S n
where F = the forward rate of exchange
S = the spot rate of exchange
n = the number of months in the
forward contract
36. C. Forward Contract Maturities
1. Contract Terms
a. 30-day
b. 90-day
c. 180-day
d. 360-day
2. Longer-term Contracts
37. I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Theory states:
the forward rate (F) differs
from the spot rate (S) at
equilibrium by an amount
equal to the interest
differential (rh - rf) between two
countries.
38. 2. The forward premium or
discount equals the interest
rate differential.
(F - S)/S = (rh - rf)
where rh = the home rate
rf = the foreign rate
39. 3. In equilibrium, returns on
currencies will be the same
i. e. No profit will be realized
and interest parity exists
which can be written
(1 + rh) = F
(1 + rf) S
40. B. Covered Interest Arbitrage
1. Conditions required:
interest rate differential does
not equal the forward
premium or discount.
2. Funds will move to a country
with a more attractive rate.
41. 3. Market pressures develop:
a. As one currency is more
demanded spot and sold
forward.
b. Inflow of fund depresses
interest rates.
c. Parity eventually
reached.
42. C. Summary:
Interest Rate Parity states:
1. Higher interest rates on a
currency offset by
forward discounts.
2. Lower interest rates are
offset by forward premiums.