Doping in sports

2.  “Dope” taken from Dutch word ‘dop’ –
alcoholic beverages from grape skins, used by
Zulu warriors to enhance their power in battle.
 In 1st Century AD, the Greek runners used to
drink a herbal beverage to increase their
strength and be capable to run long distance
races.

3.  Doping is defined as presence of prohibited
substances or methods to unfairly improve their
sporting performances and to gain an advantage
over their competitors.
 According to IOC, “Doping is the use of any
method or substance that might harm the athlete,
In a quest to gain an unfair advantage over his/her
fellow competitors.”
 According to WADA, “Doping is defined as the
occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule
violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article
2.8 of the code.”

4.  Established in 1999, head quarter’s are present
in Montreal, Canada.
 192 countries and more than 570 sporting
organizations have signed up with WADA.
 WADA’s budget is shared equally by member
governments and the IOC.

5.  India has the highest number of failed dope
tests internationally.
 In 2010, 103 Indian sportspersons, including
juniors, failed dope tests.
 In 2011, 121 tested positive while more than
130 have failed in 2012.
 The Weight Lifting Federation of India has
been suspended twice by the International
body.

6. 1. Presence of prohibited substance or methods.
2. Use or attempt to use a prohibited substance or
method.
3. Refusing to submit a sample collection after being
notified.
4. Failure to file athletes whereabouts after being
notified.
5. Tampering with any part of the doping control
process.
6. Possession of a prohibited substance or method.
7. Trafficking a prohibited substance or method.

7.  1. Blood Doping: According to WADA, the
misuse of techniques or substances to increase
one’s RBC count is Blood Doping.
 2. Gene Doping: It is the manipulation of cells
or genes to enhance the body’s sports
performance. Modifying genes enable faster
reaction and increase physical strength.
 3. chemical and physical manipulations: An
attempt to tamper the validity of the collected
samples by manipulation.

8. 1. Anabolic steroids: enhance the performance,
serious side effects.
2. Peptide hormones: Increase muscle growth
and strength, increase RBC count
3. Diuretics: evades anti doping test, unfairly
manages body weight
4. Hormones and metabolic modulators:
interfere with function of oestrogen
5. Beta 2- agonists: enhance respiratory efficiency

9. 1. To be aware & comply with all anti-doping
policies.
2. To be available for sample collection.
3. To be responsible for ingest and use of any
substance or method in context of anti-doping.
4. To inform medical personnel of the team about
any medical treatment taken and confirming that
it does not violate anti-doping policies.
5. To report immediately to doping control station
for testing unless delayed for valid reason.
6. To maintain control of the sample until its sealed.

10.  Testing of prohibited substances is mandatory
in the field of sports. An athlete can be called
for dope testing at any time in or out of
competition.
 Tests are:

11. 1. Blood testing:
 It is used to detect artificial oxygen carriers.
 Two samples are taken in the presence of an
official.
 Samples are sealed in the presence of athlete.
 Code is provided by the officials.
 After sampling, medical declaration is done by
the athlete.
 Samples are sent to the registered lab where
samples are tested.
 If sample is tested positive, athlete is notified.

12. 2. Urine testing:
 Sample is provided in the supervision of coach
or doctor.
 Sample is taken in presence of an official of
same gender.
 Sample is split into two and sealed by the
athlete.
 Code is provided by the officials.
 After sampling the same procedure is followed
as in blood testing.

13. Online references:
 https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=R-hIC-
caIn8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=doping+in+sports&ots=39EFLSRqk-
&sig=1bCsWo4BMFYY_4ImQkxNxD1JAPY#v=onepage&q=doping%20in
%20sports&f=false
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_sport
 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-
sciences/themes/anti-doping/youth-space/what-is-doping/
 http://www.usada.org/substances/effects-of-performance-enhancing-
drugs/
 https://www.google.co.in/search?q=doping+in+sports&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwiBjNrKq8DTAhXLRI8KHQR4CEIQsAQInQE&biw=1094&bih=487