4. Importance of fascial compartments
Understanding inter-fascial
spaces for pathogenesis , clinical
manifestation and potential
results of spread of infections
involving these spaces
4Dr. Naim Manhas
7. Anaeorbic bacteria are major constiuents of
normal human flora.
Anaerobic bacteria contains a number of
virulence factors, including toxins, are often
associated with tissue necrosis and abscess
formation.
Usually involves all anatomic sites including
cerebral, dental,peritonsilliar, lung ,
intraabdominal, tubo-ovarian prostatic and
cutaneous abscesses.
7Dr. Naim Manhas
9. Presence of Gas in the tissue is another clue
to the presence of anaerobic bacteria, but it is
not considered diagnostic as sometimes we
do get aerobic bacteria producing gas.
The putrid odor of discharge of infections or
discharge is present.
Detected by palpation, radiography or
scanning techinques.
9Dr. Naim Manhas
12. Presentation
Unusual presentation :-
Wide spread use of antibiotics
Profond immunosupression
Cellullitis
Necrotizing cellulitis
Associated with
thrombophelibitis (Lemierre’s )
12Dr. Naim Manhas
13. The widespread
use of
antibiotcs and
/or profound
immunosppress
ion , the classic
signs of
erythema,
edma,
flauctuance
may be absent
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20. RECOMMENDATIONS
Aspiration :-
1. depends upon the site
2. no clear differentiation
between cellulitis and abscess
3. diagnostic confirmation
Premature incision into an area of cellulitis
may actually worsen the situation by
breaking down the natural defenses (barriers)
, thus hastening spread of infection
20Dr. Naim Manhas
21. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
peritonsillar cellulitis :-
Inflammatory reaction of the
tissue between the capsule of
the palatine tonsil and the
pharyngeal muscles.
Peritonsillar abscess :-
Collection of abscess between
the capsule of the tonsil and the
pharyngeal muscles.
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27. parapharyngeal space
Parapharyngeal
space infections
are potentially
life threatening if
not treated in
time.
Presence of
important
structures in para
pharyngeal space
.
Source of
infection from
dental abscess,
peritonsillar
abscess.
27Dr. Naim Manhas
31. RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
Retropharyngeal
abscesses are among the
most serious of deep neck
infections.
Infection can extend
directly to anterior or
posterior regions of
mediastinum.
Common in infants and
children .
In adults due to impacted
foreign body or due to
“potts disease.
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32. RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
Ct scan showing
extension of
retropharyngeal
abscess in upper
mediastium
Can cause acute
necrotizing
mediastinitis
Mortality becomes
high 25% in adults.
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33. Antimicrobial agents
Oral or odontogenic source
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (beta lactamase
inhibitor) 1.2 G I/V every 8-12 hours
Metroniadiazole 500mg I/V every 6-8 hours
OR
Clindamycin 600mg I/V every 6-8 hours
33Dr. Naim Manhas
34. Rhinogenic or otogenic source
Ceftriaxone 1 G I/V every 24 hours
Metroniadazole 500mg I/V every 6-8 hours
OR
Ceprofloxacin 400mg I/V every 12 hours
Clindamycin 600mg I/V every 6-8 hours
34Dr. Naim Manhas
35. Immunocompromised patients
Cefepime 2G I/V every 12 hours
Metroniadazole 500mg I/V every 6-8 hours
OR
Imipenem 500mg I/V every 6 hours
OR
Meropenem 1G I/V every 8 hours
(carbapenem group of antibiotics )
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36. Objectives of Management
aspiration
Adequate drainage
Incisional
Antimicrobial therapy
Supportive care
36Dr. Naim Manhas
39. NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
necrotizing forms of cellulitis , faciitis and
myositis.
Characterized by fulminanat tissue
destruction,systemic signs of toxcity and high
mortality.
Early recognition is critical, rapid progression
to extensive destruction leading to systemic
toxicity .
39Dr. Naim Manhas
40. Clinical presentation
Within 3-5 days after
onset, skin breaksdown
with bullae formation.
Thrombosis of small
blood vessels with pain
sensation is decreased
due to destruction of
superficial nerves.
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41. NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Type 1.
Usually in immunocompromised patients
Polymicrobial infection:- usually anaerobic
species
Bacteriodes, clostridum or
peptostreptococcus in addition to anaerobic
streptococcus.
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42. NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Type 2.
Mainly due to Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
Either alone or in combination with either
species most commonly S.aureus
Can occur among healthy individuals in any
age group
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43. Predisposing factors:-
H/o skin injury
Laceration
Burn
Blunt trauma
Recent surgery
Injection drug use
In case above factors are absent then
pathogenesis of infection likely consists of
hematogenous translocation of GAS from throat
(aymptomatic or symptomatic Pharyngitis)
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45. NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Aggressive debriment of all
Necrotic tissue until healthy,
viable (bleeding) tissue is
reached.
Reevaluated after 24 hours
and if necrotic tissue is
present needs agreessive
debriment again.
Once the wound is healthy
then reconstruction is done.
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46. ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
Acceptable regimes:-
“carbapenem” group
Imipenem 500mg I/V every 6 hours
OR
Meropenem 1G I/V every8 hours
Clindamycin 600-900 mg I/V every 8 hours
Vancomycin 15-20mg/Kg /I/V every 8-12 hours
OR
Linezolid 600 mg I/V every 12 hours.
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