2. Keywords
0 Pros
0 Cons
0 License number
0 License card
0 Congestion
0 Sidewalk

3. Outline
0 Introduction of Motorcycles
0 Pros of Motorcycles
0 Cons of Motorcycles
0 Conclusion
0 References

4. Introduction
0 Definition of motorcycle

5. Pros
0 Initial cost
x10

6. Pros x100
0 Initial cost

7. Pros (Cont’d)
0 Operating and Maintenance cost
Motorcycle Engine Volume > 125 cc
Cars’ Engine Volume > 1400 cc

8. Pros (Cont’d)
0 Lack of distinct traffic regulation

9. Pros (Cont’d)
0 Congestions

10. Pros (Cont’d)
0 No licensed motorists

11. Pros (Cont’d)
0 No plaque licensed number

12. Pros (Cont’d)
0 Parking space

13. Pros (Cont’d)
0 Fuel consumption
0 Cars: about 9-10 liter/Km
0 Motorcycle: about 2.5 liter/Km

14. Cons
0 Lack of safety

15. Cons (Cont’d)
0 Bad weather

16. Cons (Cont’d)
0 Air pollution
0 3999 tons of PM10
0 650232 tons of CO
0 1272 tons of Nox
0 161118 tons of NMVOC
0 4-stroke vs. 2-stroke

17. Cons (Cont’d)
0 Injuries of motorcycles

18. Cons (Cont’d)
0 Sound pollution
0 Normal room: 40 db
0 Whisper: 35 db
0 Ears damage in 85 db
0 Ears hurt in 120 db
0 MOTORCYCLE: 90 db
(45% of Tehran sound pollution)

19. Cons (Cont’d)
0 Lack of culture

20. Conclusion
0 Motorcycle has many positive points
0 Its cons cannot be negligible
0 Iran culture

21. References
0 “Air Quality Deterioration in Tehran Due to Motorcycles” [Online], By: M. Shafiepour and H.
Kamalan, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2005,
Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 145-152.
Available: http://ijehse.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijehse/article/viewFile/43/42
0 “Pattern of motorcycle-related injuries in Tehran, 1999 to 2000: a study in 6 hospitals”
[Online], Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 12, Nos 1/2, 2006, By: M. Zargar, A. Khaji
and M. Karbakhsh.
Available: http://www.emro.who.int/publications/emhj/1201_2/PDF/9.pdf
0 “Motorbikes Produce Almost Half of Tehran’s Sound Pollution” [Online], By: Arwa
Abuarwa ,February 5th.
Available: http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/02/motorcycles-sound-pollution-tehra/
0 “Motorbikes Produce Almost Half of Tehran’s Sound Pollution” [Online], By: Arwa
Abuarwa ,February 5th.
Available: http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/02/motorcycles-sound-pollution-tehra/
0 “Prediction Model of Motorcycles Accidents in the Intersections of the City of Tehran” [Online],
J. Shahi, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and
Technology, Tehran, Iran,
M. Ahmadi Nejad, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, A. Sheikholeslami, Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Available: http://www.trijournal.ir/84/PDF/ShahiWi84.pdf
0 “More than 2 m Motorcycles in Tehran” [Online], Tehran Municipality official website, Sunday,
May 27, 2012.
Available: http://en.tehran.ir/ViewArticle/tabid/77/ArticleId/501/More-than-2-m-
Motorcycles-in-Tehran.aspx

22. Any Question?