Oceanography

Objectives ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],The Oceans

Modern Oceanography ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Modern Oceanography ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Origin of the Oceans ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object]

Origin of the Oceans ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Origin of the Oceans ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object]

Distribution of Earth’s Water ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object]

Distribution of Earth’s Water ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distribution of Earth’s Water ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Distribution of Earth’s Water ,[object Object],The Oceans

Distribution of Earth’s Water ,[object Object],The Oceans ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section Assessment ,[object Object],The Oceans Side-scan sonar is a technique that directs sound waves to the seafloor at an angle, so that the sides of underwater hills and other topographic features can be mapped.

Section Assessment ,[object Object],The Oceans During a period of massive volcanism that occurred shortly after the formation of Earth, huge quantities of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases were released. These gases formed Earth’s early atmosphere. As Earth’s crust cooled, the water vapor gradually condensed into oceans. FL: SC.H.1.4.3, SC.D.1.4.1

Section Assessment ,[object Object],______ Oceans contain 97 percent of the water found on Earth. ______ Oceans cover 71 percent of Earth’s surface. ______ The Earth’s major oceans are isolated from each other by landmasses. ______ Presently, average global sea level is rising 1 to 2 cm per year. The Oceans true true false false

Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vocabulary Seawater

Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Properties of Seawater Seawater

Chemical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chemical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater

Physical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Physical Properties of Seawater ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ocean Layering ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object]

Ocean Layering ,[object Object],Seawater

Ocean Layering ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Water Masses ,[object Object],Seawater ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Water Masses ,[object Object],Seawater 1. Antarctic Bottom Water forms when antarctic seas freeze during the winter and water temperature drops below 0°C. 2. North Atlantic Deep Water forms in a similar manner offshore from Greenland. 3. Antarctic Intermediate Water forms when the relatively salty waters of the Antarctic Ocean decrease in temperature during winter and sink.

Water Masses ,[object Object],Seawater

Section Assessment ,[object Object],Seawater Salts are removed from seawater through the formation of evaporites, sea spray that is carried inland by wind, and biological processes.

Section Assessment ,[object Object],Seawater A thermocline is a transitional layer between warm surface waters and cold bottom waters in a body of water that is characterized by rapidly declining temperatures with depth.

Section Assessment ,[object Object],Seawater ______ North Atlantic Deep Water overrides Antarctic Bottom Water. ______ Photosynthesis can occur to a depth of 200 m. ______ Sodium is the most prevalent ion in seawater. ______ Salt water is always denser than freshwater, regardless of temperature. true false false true

Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vocabulary Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ocean Movements ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object]

Wave Characteristics ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Wave Characteristics ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object]

Wave Characteristics Ocean Movements

Wave Characteristics ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Wave Characteristics ,[object Object],Ocean Movements

Tides ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tides Ocean Movements Differences in topography and latitude cause three different daily tide cycles. Areas with semidiurnal cycles experience two high tides per day. Areas with mixed cycles have one pronounced and one smaller tide each day. Areas with diurnal cycles have one high tide per day.

Causes of Tides ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Causes of Tides Ocean Movements

Causes of Tides ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Causes of Tides ,[object Object],Ocean Movements

Ocean Currents ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ocean Currents ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ocean Currents Ocean Movements

Upwelling ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section Assessment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ocean Movements A. the upward motion of ocean water, caused by an offshore wind B. the lowest point of a wave C. the periodic rise and fall of sea level. D. the highest point of a wave E. waves that become higher, steeper, and unstable which causes their crest to collapse D B C A E

Section Assessment ,[object Object],Ocean Movements Lunar tides are more than twice as high as solar tides because the Moon is much closer to Earth. FL: SC.E.1.4.1

Section Assessment ,[object Object],Ocean Movements ______ Gyres rotate in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere. ______ The water in a wave moves steadily forward. ______ Wave speed increases with wavelength. ______ Spring and neap tides alternate every four weeks. false false true false

Chapter Resources Menu ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Resources Menu

Section 15.1 Main Ideas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 15.1 Study Guide

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Multiple Choice Chapter Assessment Because most landmasses are located in the northern hemisphere, oceans cover only 61 percent of the surface there. However, 81 percent of the southern hemisphere is covered by water.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Multiple Choice In the polar regions, seawater is diluted by melting sea ice. On a localized level, the lowest salinities often occur where large rivers empty into the oceans. Chapter Assessment

Multiple Choice ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment During a neap tide, high tides are lower than normal and low tides are higher than normal. During a spring tide the solar and lunar tides are aligned, causing high tides to be higher than normal and low tides to be lower than normal. Spring and neap tides alternate every two weeks.

Multiple Choice ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment Surface temperature of Earth’s oceans varies between –2ºC in the polar regions to 30ºC in equatorial regions.

Multiple Choice ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment Chloride has a concentration of 19.35 ppt in seawater. It is followed by sodium (10.76 ppt), sulfate (2.71 ppt), and magnesium (1.29 ppt).

Short Answer ,[object Object],Chapter Assessment The three factors that determine wave height are wind speed, wind duration, and fetch. Fetch refers to the expanse of water that the wind blows across.

Short Answer ,[object Object],Chapter Assessment The three basic ocean layers are the surface layer, the thermocline, and the bottom layer. They are not distributed evenly. Both the thermocline and surface layer are absent in polar seas, where water temperatures are cold from top to bottom.

True or False ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment false true false true

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Oceanography

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Oceanography