Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer

s]mXp-`-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-io-ew
({Kma-]-©m-bØv ¢m¿°p-am¿°p≈ ssI]p-kvX-Iw)
tIcf C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v tem°¬ AUvan-n-kvt{S-j≥
apf-¶p-∂-Øp-Im-hv, Xr»q¿˛680 581

s]mXp-`-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-io-ew
({Kma-]-©m-bØv ¢m¿°p-am¿°p≈ ssI]p-kvXIw)
No^v FUn-‰¿:
tUm. ]n.-]n. -_m-e≥
Ub-d-IvS¿, Ine
FUn-‰¿:
tUm. sP.-_n. cmP≥
AknÃ‚ v s{]m^-k¿ Ine
Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿:
sI.-Fw. keow
AknÃ‚ v UbdIvS¿, Ine
FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ klmbw :
sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
FIvÃ≥j≥ ^m°¬‰n, Ine
Fkv.-sI. _nPp
kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
sl¬∏v sUkvIv, Ine
hn.-Pn. iio-[-c≥
sl¬∏v sUkvIv, Ine
{]Xm-]vknwKv F.-F-kv.
s{SbvnwKv Atkm-kn-tb‰v, Ine
B¬sPm kn. sNdn-bm≥
Fw.-F®v. jmPn°v
Pq¨ 2013
{]km-Zw
In-e
apf-¶p-∂-Øp-Imhv ]n.-H.
Xr»q¿˛680 581, tIcfw
t^m¨: 0487 2201768, 2200244
^mIvkv: 0487 2201062
C˛-sa-bn¬: kila@md2.vsnl.net.in
Published by
KILA
Mulamkunnathukavu P.O.
Thrissur-680 581, Kerala
Phone: 0487 2201768, 2200244
Fax: 0487 2201062
E-mail: kila@md2.vsnl.net.in
Printed at : Co-operative Press Mulamkunnathukavu, PH 0487 2200391

Ah-Xm-cnI
]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS {]h¿Øw Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Bh-iy-amb DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m--ap-
≠m-I-Ww. ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS Zo¿L-m-fsØ Cu Bhiyw Xncn-®-dn™v k¿°m¿ imkv{Xo-b-amb
]T--Øns‚ ASn-ÿm--Øn¬, ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS Ãm^v ]mt‰-Wn¬ ImX-emb ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ
hcp-Øp-Ibpw ]pXnb XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-. ]©m-bØv sk{I-´-dn-am-cpsS XkvXnI
GIo-I-c-Ww, Akn-Ã‚ v sk{I-´dn Dƒs∏sS c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw ]pXnb XkvXn-I-Ifpw Ãm^v
^nIvtk-j-pw, F¬.-F-kv.-Pn.-Un. F©n-o-b-dnwKv hn`m-K-Øn¬ mq-dn-e-[nIw Akn-Ã‚ v F©n-o-
b¿am-cpsS XkvXn-I-Iƒ F∂nh k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-®Xv ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS Imcy-£-a-amb {]h¿Øw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-sb∂ e£yw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-m-Wv. ]pXnb-Xmbn nb-aw e`n® DtZym-K-ÿ¿
Ah-cpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Imcy-£-a-ambn n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xnv ]cym-]vX-amb Adnhpw
sshZ-Kv≤yhpw B¿÷n-t°-≠Xp≠v. Poh--°m-cpsS atm`mhw IqSp-X¬ tkh-tm-∑p-J-am-I-Ww.
Bb-Xn-te°v {]mY-anI ]cn-io-ew (Induction Training) An-hm-cy-am-Wv.
]pXn-b-Xmbn nb-aw e`n® DtZym-K-ÿ¿°mbn {]mY-anI ]cn-io-e--Øn-p≈ ]mTy-]-≤Xn
(Module) ‘Ine’ CXn-tm-SIw cq]-I-ev] sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX A[nI hmb--bv°mbn ssI]p-
kvX-Ihpw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]©m-bØv ¢m¿°p-am¿°mbn ‘Ine’ Xøm-dm-°nb ‘s]mXp-`cWw’
F∂ ssI]p-kvXIw ]©m-bØv cmPv nb-a-Øns‚ khn-tij hIp-∏p-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-
[mw kw_-‘n®pw {]mY-anI Adnhv ¬Im≥ D]-I-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. Cu DZy-a-Ønv
ap≥ssI-sø-SpØ ‘Ine’ Ub-d-IvS-sdbpw ^m°¬‰n AwK-ß-sfbpw A`n--µn-°p-∂p.
Xncp-h--¥-]pcw tUm. Fw.-sI. apo¿
22 Pq¨ 2013 ]©m-bØv, kmaq-ly-oXn hIp∏v a{¥n

BapJw
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S--bpsS 73˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS tIc-f-Ønse {Kma-]-©m-bØv `cW kwhn-[mw
hf-sc-b-[nIw i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]Whpw, Npa-X-e-Ifpw Npa-X-e-°m-cbpw Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-
-ßƒ°v ssIam-‰-s∏-´p. Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm]--ßƒ F∂ ne-bn¬ n∂v Xt±i k¿°m-cp-I-
fm-bp≈ am‰w hfsc thK-Øn-em-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS kncm-tI-{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ ]©m-b-Øm-^o-kp-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ ]pXnb cq]hpw `mhhpw ssIh-cn®v hcn-I-bm-Wv. C°-gn™
amk-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]pXnb XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw A`ykvX hnZy-cmb sNdp-∏-
°m¿ {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-[m--Øn-tebv°v IS∂v hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv CXns kºp-jvS-am-
°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Ch¿°v ka-{K-amb Hcp ]cn-io-ew ¬In Adnhpw Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv An-hm-cy-amb
Hcp I¿Ø-hy-ambn ‘Ine’ ImWp-∂p. ]©m-bØv hIp-∏ns‚ kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ine kwL-Sn-∏n-
®n-cn-°p∂ C≥k¿∆okv ]cn-io-e ]cn-]mSn Ch-cpsS HutZym-KnI Npa-X-e-Iƒ nd-th-‰p-∂-Xnpw
Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnpw DXIp-sa∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. am{X-a√ {KmaoW P-Xbv°v ka-
b-_-‘n-X-amb tkhw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xnpw ]©m-bØv Hm^o-kp-I-fpsS hnizm-kyX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xnpw k¿t∆m-]cn kZv`-c-W-Øn-te°v ΩpsS {]bmWw kpK-a-am-°p-∂-Xnpw D]-I-cn-°p-sa∂v hniz-
kn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]cn-io-e ]cn-]mSnbn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ ]cn-io-e-m¿∞n-Iƒ°v Hcp ssI]p-kvXIw efn-X-amb
coXn-bn¬ Xøm-dm°n ¬Ip-∂-Xnpw hf-sc-b-[nIw kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. CXnv klm-bn® Ine-bpsS
kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-scbpw FIvÃ≥j≥ ^m°¬‰n AwK-ß-tfbpw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn®
F√m-hscbpw A`n--µn°p-∂p.
Xncp-h--¥-]pcw, tUm. ]n.]n. _me≥
22 Pq¨ 2013 Ub-d-IvS¿

D≈-S°w
1. ]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw ˛ C¥y-bn¬ 1
2. ]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw ˛ tIc-f-Øn¬ 7
3. tIc-f-Ønse {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw 11
4. IΩn‰n kwhn-[m--ßƒ, P-Iob kwhn-[m--ßƒ 15
5. P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw 21
6. {Kma-k-`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw 27
7. DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m-hpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw 31
8. ]©m-bØv tbmK- -S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ 41
9. kZv`-cWw 47
10. tSm´¬ Izmfn‰n amt-Pvsa‚ v 51
11. {^≠v Hmôkv amt-Pvsa‚ v 57
12. Hmôkv S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ 61
13. ]ucm-h-Im-i-tc-Jbpw tkh-m-h-Imi nb-ahpw 67
14. ]cmXn ]cn-lmc kwhn-[m--ßƒ 71
15. hnh-cm-h-Imi nbaw 2005 75
16. nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Imcw ˛ ssek≥kp-Iƒ, cPn-kvt{S-j≥ 81
17. nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Imcw ˛ B]¬°-chpw Ak-ly-hp-amb
hym]m-c-ßƒ°pw ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ°pw ssek≥kv 87
18. knhn¬ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ 91
19. [-am-t-Pvsa‚ v 95
20. ]©m-bØv ^≠v, _n¬ Xøm-dm-°¬ 103
21. _P-‰v A°u-≠nwKv 109
22. A°u-≠nwKv 117
23. hnhn[ HmUn‰v kwhn-[m--ßfpw XpS¿ S-]-Sn-Ifpw 121
24. nIp-Xn-I-fpw nIpXn n¿Æ-bhpw 125
25. nIpXn IpSn-»nI CuSm-°¬ S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ 133
26. ]≤Xn Bkq-{XWw 137
27. BkvXn ]cn-]m-ew 147
28. kmaq-ly-t£a s]≥j-p-Ifpw t£a ]≤-Xn-Ifpw 151
29. ]©m-bØv `c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ap-_‘ nb-a-ßƒ 163
30. alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn 169
31. `c-W-`mj amXr-`mj 173

]ńI
1. Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ -˛ tIcfw 13
2. {Kma-]-©m-bØv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ 17
3. tªm°v ]©m-bØv Ãm‚nwKv IΩ-‰n-Iƒ 17
4. Pn√m ]©m-bØv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ 18
5. tbmK--S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e-Iƒ 42
6. nIp-Xn hc-hp-Iƒ 103
7. nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hp-Iƒ 104
8. BkvXn cPn-Ã¿ ˛ t^mdw 1 `qan 149
9. BkvXn cPn-Ã¿ ˛ t^mdw 2 sIń-S-ßƒ 150
t_mIvkv
1. {]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[mw 13
2. ]©m-b-Øp-I-fnse P-{]-Xn-n[n kwhn-[m-hpw IΩn-‰n-Ifpw 16
3. DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[mw 32
4. hnhcw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ ôkv (tI-c-f-Øn¬) 78
5. _P‰v 112

]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw C¥y-bn¬
1
1.1. kzbw kºq¿Æ {Kma-ßƒ
thZßtfmfw ]g°w C¥y-bnse ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. IpSpw-_-ßƒ tN¿∂v
Ipehpw Ipe-ßƒ tN¿∂v tKm{Xhpw ne-n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. {Kma-ßfpw
{KmaWn F∂ t]cn¬ Ad-nb-s∏-ń-cp∂ {Kma-Ø-e-hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-
°p-∂p. IuSn-eys‚ A¿∞-im-kv{Xw, ap-kv-ar-Xn, cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-c-Xw, ip{Im-Nm-cy-cpsS oXn-
kmcw F∂o IrXn-I-fnepw {]mtZ-in-I-`-c-W-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ‘]©’ F∂ kwkvIrX
]Z-Øn¬ n∂mWv ]©m-bØv F∂ ]Zw Bhn¿`-hn-®-Xv. {Kma`-c-W-Øns‚ ]t©-{µo-b-ß-fmbn
]©m-b-Øp-Isf IW-°m°nbncp∂p. Xß-fpsS ]cn-an-X-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ an°Xpw kz¥-ambn nd-
th-‰m≥ A°m-esØ {Kma-ßƒ°v Ign-™n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah ‘kzbw kºq¿Æ {Kma-ßƒ’
F∂v hnti-jn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. cmP-`-c-W-Øn¬ t]mepw {Kma-ß-fn¬ P-ß-fpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ `c-W-
kw-hn-[m--ßƒ ne-n-∂n-cp∂p. {Ko°v ssht{km-bn-bm-bn-cp∂ saK-kvX-o-kns‚ ‘C≥Un°’ F∂
IrXn-bnepw ssNokv k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ ^mln-bms‚ bm{Xm-tc-J-I-fnepw C¥y-bnse kzbw
kºq¿Æ {Kma-`-cW hyhÿ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. Z£n-W-`m-c-X-Ønepw i‡-amb {]mtZ-in-I-`-c-W-
hy-hÿ ne-n∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Kp]vX`-c-W-Im-eØpw apKƒ`-
cW ImeØpw i‡-amb kq£va-Xe {Kma-`-cW hyhÿ C¥y-bn¬ ne-n-∂n-cp-∂p.
1.1. kzbw kºq¿Æ {Kma-ßƒ
1.2. {]mtZ-inI`cWw {_nójv `c-W-Im-eØv
1.3. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-L-´-Ønse o°-ßƒ
1.4. {]mtZ-in-I-`-cWw kzmX-{¥y-Ønp tijw
1.5. ]©m-bØv cm-Pn-te°v
1.5.1. _¬h-¥vdmbv taØ IΩn‰n
1.5.2. AtimIv taØ IΩn‰n
1.5.3. a‰p IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
1.6. `c-W-L-SbpsS 64 Dw 65 Dw t`Z-K-Xn- n¿t±-i-ßƒ
1.7. `c-W-L-S--bpsS 73Dw 74Dw t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ
91

]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw C¥y-bn¬1
kzbw-k-ºq¿Æ {Kma-`-cW hyh-ÿ-bpsS t´-ßƒ
• kmº-ØnI kzbw ]cym-]vXX ˛ Hmtcm {Kmahpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-an-X-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ nd-
th‰n i‡-amb Hcp {KmaoW kº-Zvhy-hÿ ne-n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
• kmaqln-I-˛-cm-jv{Sob cwK-ß-fn¬ ]ptcm-KXn ˛ cmjv{Sob Imcy-ß-fn¬ P-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-
cp∂ ]¶pw kmaq-lnI Iq´m-bvabpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-°n-S-bm-°n.
• ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]ptcm-KXn ˛ kmaq-lnI Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS D≠mb `{Z-Xbpw AXp-h-gn-
bp-≠mb kpc-£n-X-Øzhpw kmº-Øn-I-]p-tcm-KXn am{X-a√ Ie, kwkvIm-cw, hnZym-`ym-kw,
XpSßn kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-°n.
• Bh-iy-ßfpw {]iv-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏´p ˛ P-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw {]iv-
ßƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn-p≈ kmaq-lnI Iq´mbva {Kma-`-cW hyh-ÿ-bn¬
km[y-am-bn.
1.2. {]mtZ-inI`cWw {_nójv `c-W-Im-eØv
kzbw kºq¿Æ {Kma-`-cW hyhÿ {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS hc-thmsS Zp¿_-e-am-Im≥ XpS-ßn. AXn-
n-S-bm-°nb {][m Imc-W-ßƒ NphsS ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
• sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `c-W-Øns‚ NqjW hy{KX
• tZiob kºZv hyh-ÿ-bp-ambn {KmaoW kºZv hyh-ÿsb Cg-tN¿°-s∏-´-tXmsS {Kma-ßƒ°p-
≠mb kmº-ØnI timj-Ww.
• imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse ]pØ≥ I≠p-
]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bmØ {Kma-ßƒ
• apX-em-fnØ coXn-bn-ep≈ Dev]m-Z _‘-ßfpw
Dev]m-Z hyh-ÿbpw {Kma-ßsf NqjW hnt[-
b-am-°n.
Ime-{I-taW {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-[mw i‡n-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {_nó-jp-Im¿ n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. AXnv
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v.
1. {Kma-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI Xf¿® {_nójv
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Xmev]-cy-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
_m[n®p.
2. cmP-`-cW hyh-ÿsb sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v
{_n´-n-ep-≠mb {]t£m-`-ßfpw {]mtZ-inI
`c-W-hy-hÿ i‡-am-°p-∂-Xnp th≠n
AhnsS S∂ {ia-ßfpw ]gb ]©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ°v Xpey-amb ]©m-bØv `cW kwhn-
[mw thW-sa∂v C¥y-bn¬ i‡-amb hmZ-
ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂p.
2

3. {_nójv Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°-p-kr-Xambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb {]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[m--ßƒ C¥y-
bnse {]mtZ-inI kwhn-[m-sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-m¬ {]mtZ-inI
`cW kwhn-[mw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂Xv tZiob {]ÿmw apt∂m´ph® {][m Bh-iy-ß-
fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
1.3. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-L-´-Ønse o°-ßƒ
• 1909-˛¬ emtlm-dn¬ S∂ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-fw {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Xew ap-X¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-
s∏´ `cWkan-Xn-I-fp≈ `c-W-kw-hn-[mw thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
• 1916-˛¬ Km‘n-Pn, `mc-X-Øn-s‚
XXv cmjv{So-b-˛-km-t¶-XnI ]mc-
º-cy-amb ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ne-hn¬
htc-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX
Db¿Øn°mń.
• 1919-˛¬ samt≠Kp˛sNw-kvt^m¿Uv
`cW ]cn-jv°mc dnt∏m¿´v {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-®-Xns XpS¿∂v 1919-˛se
Kh-s◊‚ v Hm^v C¥ym BIvSn-eqsS
C¥ym-°m¿°v ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈
{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Øn-p≈ S-]-Sn-
Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. {_nójv {]hn-iy-
I-fnepw m´p-cm-Py-ß-fnepw ]©m-
bØv nb-a-ßƒ ]m m-°-s∏-´p.
• tZiob {]ÿm-Øns‚ `mK-ambn
S∂ N¿®-I-fnepw {]t£m-`-
ßfnepsa√mw {Kma-kz-cmPv F∂
k¶ev]w Km‘nPn Db¿Øn ]nSn-
°p-Ibpw AXv {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-
Xn-p-th≠n {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Km‘n-Pnsb kw_-‘n®v tZiob {]ÿmw kzcm-Pnv th≠n am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ {Kma-kz-cm-Pn-p-
IqSn th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Hmtcm {Kmahpw Hmtcm kºq¿Æ dn∏-ªn-°m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS k¶-ev]w.
1.4. {]mtZ-in-I-`-cWw kzmX-{¥y-Ønp tijw
i‡amb {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-[mw Bhiyam-sW∂v kzmX-{¥y-k-ac Ime-L-´-Øn¬ an°
tZiob tXm-°fpw D∂-bn®p. F¶nepw C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-S Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-mbn S∂ N¿®-
I-fn¬ Cu Bh-iy-Ønv ap¥nb {]m[myw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. AXn-p≈ {][m ImcWw tUm.
Awt_-ZvI-dpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p. P∑n hyh-ÿbpw kh¿Æ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v ta¬ss°-bp≈ PmXn-
hy-h-ÿbpw ne-n-ev°p∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ `c-W-kw-hn-[m--Ønv IqSp-
X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ¬In-bm¬ B A[n-Imcw ssIømfp-∂Xv ta¬Pm-Xn-°mcpw `q{]-`p-°-fp-am-bn-cn-
°p-sa-∂pw, AXp-aqew ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw IogvPm-Xn-°mcpw IqSp-X¬ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Nqj-W-Ønv
hnt[-b-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `c-W-L-S-
-bpsS n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ (Directive Principles) am{Xta ]©m-bØv `cW kwhn-[m--Ønv ÿmw
3

e`n-®p-≈p. `c-W-L-S Ap-k-cn®v Xt±i `cW ÿm]--ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠Xpw Ahbv°v A[n-
Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw ¬tI-≠Xpw kwÿm k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS am{Xw Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXv
An-hm-cy-hp-a√m-bn-cp-∂p.
1.5. ]©m-bØv cm-Pn-te°v
{]mtZ-in-I-`-cW kwhn-[mw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnpw th≠n-bp≈ N¿®-
Iƒ kzmX-{¥ym--¥c Ime-L-´w apX¬ kPo-h-ambn. AXns‚ ê-ambn {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-
[mw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-mbn Ht´sd S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠m-bn.
1.5.1. _¬h-¥vdmbv taØ IΩn‰n
1958-˛¬ tZiob hnI-k Iu¨kn-ens‚ Xocp-am {]Imcw cq]o-
Ir-X-amb _¬h-¥vdmbv taØ IΩn‰n {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-[mw
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnv aq¿Ø-amb n¿t±-i-ßƒ apt∂m-´p-h-®p. {]mtZ-
in-I-X-e-Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ `c-W-k-an-Xn-I-fp≈ `c-W-kw-
hn-[mw D≠m-I-W-sa-∂pw, Ahbv°v Iøm-fm≥ Ignbp∂ Npa-X-e-
Iƒ ¬I-W-sa-∂pw {]mtZ-inI hn`hkam-l-c-W-Ønv kl-I-
cWtaJ-esb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂pw, {XnXe {]mtZ-inI
`cWkwhn-[mw ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂pw Cu IΩn‰n ip]m¿i sNbvXp.
1.5.2. AtimIv taØ IΩn‰n
1977-˛¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ {]mtZ-inI `cWkwhn-[mw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-
s-°p-dn®v ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-°m-mbn Atim-IvtaØ IΩn-‰nsb nb-an-®p. IΩn‰n 1978˛-¬
¬Inb dnt∏m¿´pw {]mtZ-inI `cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw ¬tI-
≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw Xncs™-Sp-°-s∏´ `c-W-k-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-yhpw FSpØp
]d-™p. CXn-mbn `c-W-L-Sm t`Z-KXn Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw ip]m¿i sNbvXp. Atim-IvtaØ IΩn-
‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿ńs XpS¿∂v I¿Æm-S-I, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, B{‘m-{]-tZ-iv, PΩp-˛-Im-ivao¿ F∂o kwÿm-
-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb nb-a-ßƒ ]m m-°p-Ibpw I¿Æm-S-I-bnepw ]›na_wKm-fnepw {]mtZ-inI `cWw
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-p≈ ]ptcm-Ka--]-c-amb ]e S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn.
1.5.3. a‰p IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
Ht´sd IΩn-‰n-Ifpw IΩo-j-Wp-Ifpw C°m-cy-Øn-mbn cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-sb√mw Xs∂ {]mtZ-
inI `cWkwhn-[m--Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX FSpØp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-bn¬ {][m--s∏-´h
NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
1. Z¥v hme IΩn‰n (1978) ˛ tªm°vXe Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX Nq≠n-°m-ń.
2. kn.-F-Nv. lp-a-¥-dmhp IΩn‰n (1984) ˛ Pn√m-Xe Bkq-{XWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂v ip]m¿i sNbvXp.
3. Pn.-hn.-sI. dmhp IΩn‰n (1985) ˛ Pn√m-Xe Bkq-{X-W-Ønv ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]--ß-fpsS
{]m[myw FSp-Øp-]-d-™p.
4. ]n.-sF. XptKm¨ IΩn‰n (1988) ˛ ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]--ßƒ ê-{]-Z-am-Ip∂Xnv `c-W-L-
Sm t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v n¿t±-in-®p.
1 ]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw C¥y-bn¬1
4

1.6. `c-W-L-SbpsS 64 Dw 65 Dw t`Z-K-Xn- n¿t±-i-ßƒ
]©m-b-Øv -cm-Pv, K-c-]m-enI ÿm]--ßƒ°v `c-W-L-Sm ]n≥_ew ¬Ip-∂-Xn-pth≠n 1989-
˛¬ 64, 65 `c-W-L-Sm t`Z-KXn ]m¿ensa‚n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw temI-k` ]m m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F∂m¬ _n√nse Nne hyh-ÿ-Isf kw_-‘n®v ka-hm-b-ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-m¬ cmPy-k-`-bn¬
_n¬ ]m m-bn-√.
1.7. `c-W-L-S--bpsS 73Dw 74Dw t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ
]©m-b-Øv -cmPv K-c-]m-enI ÿm]--ßƒ°v `c-W-L-Sm ]n≥_ew ¬Ip∂ 73, 74 `c-W-L-
Sm t`Z-KXn 1992-˛¬ ]m¿e-nsa‚ v sFIyIWvtT ]m m°n. {]kn-U-‚ns‚ Ap-aXn 1993 ¬ e`n-°p-
Ibpw 1993 G{]n¬ 24 apX¬ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{][m khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
• ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]--ßƒ°pw K-c-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ°pw `c-W-L-Sm
]n≥_ew
• kmº-ØnI hnI-k--Ønpw kmaq-ly-o-Xn°pw th≠n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw
sNøp-∂-Xnpw S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xnpw Ah-Im-iw.
• {]mtZ-inI `cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v hnjb Npa-X-e-Iƒ ¬In-s°m-≠p≈ 11-˛mw ]ń-
Ibpw 12-˛mw ]ń-Ibpw `c-W-L-S--bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn.
• {XnXe ]©m-bØv `cW kwhn-[mw ({Km-a-˛-a≤y-Xe-˛-Pn√mXe ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ)
• {Kma-kÌƒ/hm¿Uv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ ({]-Xy£ Pm-[n-]Xy thZn-Iƒ)
• A©v h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v n¿_‘w
• ]ń-I-PmXn/ ]ń-I-h¿§°m¿°v AwK-Xz-Ønepw A≤y-£-]-Z-hn-bnepw P-kw-Jym-
p-]m-Xn-I-ambn kwh-c-Ww.
• kv{XoIƒ°v aq∂nsem∂v kwh-cWw ˛ AwK-Xz-Ønepw A≤y£ ]Z-hn-bnepw (n-e-
hn¬ 50 iX-am--am-Wv)
• kwÿm Xnc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j≥ ˛ kzmX{¥y Xnc-s™-Sp∏v kwhn-[mw
• kwÿm [-Imcy IΩo-j≥ ˛ [-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Ønv imkv{Xo-b-am--Z-fi-ßƒ
n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xn-v.
• Pn√m Bkq-{XW kan-Xn-Iƒ
5

]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw tIc-f-Øn¬
2
2.1 {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw tIc-f-Øn¬ (kzm-X-{¥y-Ønp apºv)
tIc-fw kzmX-{¥y--Ønp apºv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂n-ßs aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Cu aq∂n-S-tØbpw {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m--sØ-°p-dn®v Npcp-°-Øn-se-
¶nepw a- n-em-t°-≠-Xv, tIc-f-Ønse {]m-tZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m--sØ-°p-dn®v a- n-em-°p-∂-Xnv
An-hm-cy-am-Wv.
2.1.1 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬
XncphnXmwIq-dn¬ 20-˛mw q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬Xs∂ ]´W {]tZ-i-ßsf ASn-ÿm--am-°n-
bp≈ Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]--ßƒ ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1912-˛-emWv nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I¿°v HutZym-KnI
AwK-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-p≈ Ah-Imiw e`n-®-Xv. 1920˛-se apn-kn-∏¬ BIvSv Ap-k-cn®v Su¨I-
Ωn-‰n-Iƒ apn-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ Bbn amdn. 1925-˛se hnt√Pv {Kma-]-©m-bØv dKp-te-j≥ {]Imcw
]´W{]tZ-i-ß-fnse Cu `c-W-kw-hn-[mw {Kma-ß-fn-te°pw hym]n-∏n-®p. ]t£, Ggv ]©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ am{X-amWv A∂v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. sXcphv ipNo-I-c-Ww, ip≤-Pe hnX-c-Ww, ameny n¿Ωm¿÷-
w, ivaim n¿Ωm-Ww, {]mtZ-inI tdmUp-I-fp-tSbpw IS-Øp-I-fp-tSbpw ta¬tm-´w, {]mY-anI hnZym-
`ymkw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]©mb-Øp-I-fpsS apJy {]h¿Ø--ßƒ. IqSmsX Nne PpUo-jy¬ A[n-
Im-c-ßfpw Ah-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kzØv nIp-Xn, hml nIp-Xn, sXmgn¬ nIpXn F∂n-hbpw
k¿°m¿ {Km‚pw Bbn-cp∂p ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS {][m hcp-am am¿§-ßƒ.
1940 se hnt√Pv bqWn-b≥ BIvSv {]Imcw hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Øp-I-fptSXnv kam--amb hnt√Pv
bqWn-b-p-Iƒ ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu nb-a-tØmsS hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw hnt√Pv bqWn-b-p-Ifpw
2.1 {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw tIc-f-Øn¬ (kzm-X-{¥y-Ønp apºv)
2.1.1 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬
2.1.2 sIm®n-bn¬
2.1.3 ae-_m-dn¬
2.2 kzmX{¥y e_v[n°v tijw
2.3 tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°v tijw
2.4 `c-W-L-Sm t`Z-K-Xn-°p-tijw
2.4.1 tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv nbaw 1994
2.4.1 {]mtZ-inI `c-W-hy-hÿ
2.4.2 A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cW X{¥w
2.4.3. P-]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-eqsS ka{K hnI-kw
7

cPn-kv{Sm¿ F∂ hIp∏v Xe-hs‚ Iogn-embn 1949 se Xncp-˛-sIm®n kwtbm-Pw hsc Cu ne
XpS¿∂p.
2.1.2 sIm®n-bn¬
1914-˛¬ sIm®n hnt√Pv ]©mbØv dKp-te-j≥ nb-a-tØmsS A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ A©v Xmeq-°p-I-
fn¬ Hcp Xmeq-°nv Hs∂∂ tXmXn¬ A©v hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A©wK
`cWkan-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p `cWw S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AºXv cq] Icw Xocp-h-bp-≈-h¿°pw _ncp-Z-[m-cn-
Iƒ°pw ASp-Øq¨ ]‰nb DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw am{Xta kanXn AwK-ß-fm-Im≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.
]©mb-Øp-I-fpsS ta¬tm´ Npa-Xe Znhm≥ t]jv°m¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. 1922-˛¬ sIm®n≥ ]©m-bØv
dKp-te-j≥ ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsS ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS A[n-Imcw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw kanXn AwK-ß-fm-
Im-p≈ tbmKyX Icw Xocp-h-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1930-˛-I-fn¬ hnt√Pv ]©m-bØv kwhn-[mw ]c-
am-h-[n-bn-S-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-n-®p. 1949 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Øp-I-
fpsS FÆw qdm-bn. 1935-˛¬ {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw ne-hn¬h-cn-Ibpw 1945-˛¬ ]©m-b-Ønv
Hcp k¿°m¿ hIp∏v cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2.1.3 ae-_m-dn¬
Xncp-˛-sIm®n {]tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v hfsc sshIn-bmWv hnt√Pv {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS
{]h¿Øw ae-_m¿ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hym]n®Xv. F∂m¬ 1867-˛se a{Zmkv Su¨ Cw{]q-hvsa‚ v BIvSv
{]Imcw tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]me-°m-Sv, Xe-t»-cn, IÆq¿ F∂n-hn-S-ßfn¬ apn-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p
k¿°m¿ ntbm-Kn-°p∂ {]am-Wn-am-cpw, tem°¬ aPn-kvt{S-‰v, ]n.-Uv_vfyq.-Un. td©v Hmô-k¿ F∂n-
hcpw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p `c-W-k-an-Xn. 1884˛se a{Zmkv tem°¬ t_m¿Uvkv BIvSv Ap-k-cn®v
{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Øn-mbn Unkv{SnIv‰v t_m¿Up-Ifpw Xmeq°v t_m¿Up-Ifpw ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1930-
˛¬ F√m {Kma `cW kwhn[mßtfbpw a{Zmkv tem°¬ t_m¿Uvkv
BIvSns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn-em-°n. 1943-˛¬ Imcy n¿∆-l-W-Ønv
FIvkn-Iyq-óhv Hmô-k¿amsc nb-an-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cn-jv°m-chpw ne-
hn¬ h∂p. 1957 hsc Cu kwhn-[mw XpS¿∂p.
2.2 kzmX{¥y e_v[n°v tijw
1949 Pqsse 1˛v Xncp-˛-sIm®n kwÿmw ne-hn¬ hs∂-¶nepw
Ahn-S-ß-fnse ]©mbØv {]h¿Ø--ßƒ°v GIo-IrX cq]-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. 1950-˛se Xncp-˛-sIm®n ]©mbØv BIvSv ne-hn¬ h∂-
tXm-sS-bmWv Cu ÿnXn°v am‰-ap-≠m-b-Xv. At∏m-tg°pw samØØn¬
550 ]©m-bØpIƒ ne-hn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p. 1950-˛se BIvSns XpS¿∂v
ne-hn¬ h∂ ]©m-bØv Unen-an-t‰-j≥ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i Ap-
k-cn®v 552 ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v cq]w ¬In. 1950 BKÃv 15 apX¬
Xncp-˛-sIm®n {]tZ-iØv Pm-[n-]Xy coXn-bn-ep≈ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ
ne-hn¬ h∂p. {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Im-i-Øns‚bpw clky _me‰v
k{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm--Øn-¬ tcn-´p≈ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-
sS-bmWv CXv km[y-am-b-Xv. 1951-˛¬ a{Zmkv ]©m-bØv BIvSv ]m m-
°-s∏-´p. AXp{]Imcw ae-_m-dnse ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿
{Km‚nv A¿l-X-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-m¬ AhnsS ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS
{][m hcp-amam¿§w nIpXnIfm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu BIvSv {]Imcw 399
]©m-b-Øp-I-fmWv ae-_m¿˛ Imk¿tKmUv {]tZ-iØv cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv.
ae-_m¿ {]tZ-iØv F√m-bn-SØpw ]©m-bØv `cW kan-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-
]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw tIc-f-Øn¬1
8
2

bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-_m¿ Unkv{SnIvSv t_m¿Uns‚ {]h¿Ø ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-SmØ CS-ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv
]©m-bØv `cWkanXnIƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
2.3 tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°v tijw
1956 hw-_¿ H∂nv tIc-f-kw-ÿmw ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsS Xncp-˛-sIm-®n-bn-sebpw ae-_m¿
{]tZ-i-sØbpw ]©m-b-Øp-I-sf√mw tIc-f-Ønse ]©m-b-Øp-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂m¬ 1960-˛se
tIcf ]©m-bØv BIvSv S-∏m-°p-∂Xv hsc ae-_m¿ Unkv{SnIvSv t_m¿Uns‚ {]h¿Øw XpS¿∂p.
1956 hw-_¿ H∂nv tIc-f-Øn-sem-´msI 892 ]©m-b-Øp-I-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ Xncp-˛-
sIm®n {]tZ-isØ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ 1950-˛se Xncp-˛-sIm®n ]©m-bØv BIvSv Ap-k-cn-®pw, ae-_m¿
{]tZ-isØ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ 1951-˛se a{Zmkv ]©m-bØv BIvSv Ap-k-cn-®p-amWv {]h¿Øn®v h∂-
Xv. 1957-˛¬ C.-Fw.-F-kv. ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ
a{¥n-k` AtX-h¿jw BKÃv 15-˛v ]©mb-Øp-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ n¿t±-in-
°p-∂-Xn-mbn Hcp `cW ]cn-jv-°mc IΩn-‰n°v cq]w ¬In. 1956 Pqsse 26-˛v {]kvXpX kanXn
AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-®p. `c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm LSIw ]©m-b-Øm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw AXnv
apI-fn¬ Xmeq-°v, Pn√m Xeßfnepw `c-W-k-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p kan-Xn-bpsS
apJy n¿t±-iw. kan-Xn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ 1958 Unkw-_¿ 8˛v tIcf ]©m-bØv
_n√pw 1959 G{]n¬ 16-˛v Pn√m Iu¨kn¬ _n√pw nb-a-k`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ 1959
Pqsse 31˛v nb-a-k` ]ncn®v hn´-Xn-m¬ Cu _n√p-Iƒ ]m mbn√. ]n∂oSv 1960-˛¬ tIcf ]©m-
bØv BIvSpw, 1961-˛¬ tIcf apn-kn-∏m-en‰n BIvSpw ]m m-°-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v 1963 Unkw-_-dn¬
]©m-bØv/apn-kn-∏m-en‰n sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ S-°p-Ibpw 1964 Pp-hcn H∂nv tIcf kwÿm-
sØ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ BZy ]©m-bØv/apn-kn-∏m-en‰n kan-Xn-Iƒ ne-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ta¬ ]d™ nb-a-ß-fn¬ Ht´sd {]h¿Ø--ta-J-e-Iƒ {]mtZ-inI `cW ÿm]--ßƒ°mbn o°n-
sh-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ah-bn-te-sdbpw IS-em-kn¬ Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
1964-˛¬ B¿.-i-¶¿ apJy-a{¥n Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]©m-bØv bqWn-b≥ Iu¨kn¬ ˛ Pn√m ]cn-
jØv _n¬ nb-a-k`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-s®-¶nepw AXv ]m m-°p-∂-Xnv apºv a{¥n-k` ]pd-Øm-bn.
1965-˛¬ {]kn-U‚ v `c-W-Im-eØv F.-sI. sht≈mSn A≤y-£-mb `cW ]p:kwhn-[m˛sNehp
Npcp-°¬ IΩ‰n 1964-˛se _n√nse n¿t±-i-ßƒ s]mXp-hn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw XpS¿-S-]-Sn-
Iƒ H∂pw D≠m-bn-√. 1967-˛¬ C.-Fw.-F-kv. ho≠pw apJy-a-{¥n-bmbn A[n-Im-c-ta‰ tijw tIcf
]©m-bØv _n¬ nba k`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. ]©m-bØpw Pn√bpw tN¿∂v Hcp ZznXe `cW
kwhn-[m--amWv AXn¬ hn`m-hw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. hni-Z-amb
]cn-tim-[-bv°v _n¬ skeIvSv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®p.
skeIvSv IΩn-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i {]Imcw Cu _n√ns‚ t]cv
tIcf tem°¬ Kh-s◊‚ v BIvSv F∂m°n am‰n. 1969 am¿®v 26-
˛v nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Cu _n√v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-s´-¶nepw nb-a-
k` ]n∂oSv ]ncn®v hn´-Xn-m¬ Cu _n√pw ]m m-bn-√.
1971-˛¬ kn. A®p-X-ta-tm≥ a{¥n-k-`-bpsS ImeØv 1969-˛se
_n¬ GI-tZiw AXv t]mse tIcf Unkv{SnIvSv AUvan-n-
kvt{S-j≥ _n¬ 1971 F∂ t]cn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sh-¶nepw nb-
a-am-bn-√. Cu _n¬ ho≠pw 1978˛¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw nb-
a-k` ]m m-°pIbpw 1980 sabv 18-˛v {]kn-U-‚ns‚ Ap-aXn
In´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. 1987-
˛¬ h∂ C.-sI. mb-m¿ a{¥n-k` Pn√ `cW BIvSv S-∏m-
9

°m≥ S-]Sn ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v 1991-˛¬ Pn√m Iu¨kn¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v SØn Pn√m
Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ 1991-˛¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ a{¥n-k` 1992-˛¬
Pn√m Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ ]ncn-®p-hn-´-tXmsS Pn√m `cW kwhn-[mw C√m-Xm-bn.
2.4 `c-W-L-Sm t`Z-K-Xn-°p-tijw
2.4.1 tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv nbaw 1994
`cW LS--bpsS 73, 74 t`Z-K-Xn-Isf XpS¿∂v 1994-˛¬ tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv BIvSpw tIcf apn-
kn-∏m-en‰n BIvSp-w ]m m°n. tI{µ nb-a-Øns‚ A¥:kØ Dƒs°m≠v ka-{K-amb Hcp nbaw
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]m_-eyØn¬ h∂p. tI{µ nbaw Ap-im-kn-°p∂ n¿_-‘nX hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kwÿm
nb-a-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn.
• Pn√m-˛-tªm-°v-˛-{Km-a-X-e-Øn¬ {XnXe ]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[m--Ønv nbaw cq]w evIn.
• {Kma-k`/hm¿Uv k`-Iƒ°v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ¬In.
• A©v h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ Xnc-s™-Sp∏p S-Øp-hm≥ kwÿm-- Xn-c-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j≥.
• Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v kwÿm [-Imcy IΩo-j≥.
• {XnXe ]©mb-Øp-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn.
• Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v H∏w AXv n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn-m-h-iy-amb kwhn-[m-w.
XpS¿∂v 1995-˛¬ ]©m-bØv/apn-kn-∏m-en‰n sXc-s™Sp∏v SØn. `cW LSm t`Z-K-Xn-Isf
XpS¿∂v `cW LSm ]n≥_-e-ap≈ ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw K-c`cW ÿm]--ßfpw 1995 HIvtSm-_¿
2˛v ne-hn¬ h∂p.
1999-˛epw 2000-˛epw D≠mb nb-a-t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ aqew Xt±-i-`cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-
c-ßƒ e`n-°p-Ibpw Ah IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2000, 2005, 2010 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ bYm-
k-abw sXc-s™-Sp∏v S-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb `cW kan-Xn-Iƒ ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-cp-∂p.
2.4.2 {]mtZ-inI `c-W-hy-hÿ
1995-˛¬ Xs∂ Xt±-i`cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v ¬I-s∏´ Npa-X-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ DtZym-K-
ÿ-tcbpw ÿm]--ß-tfbpw Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øp.
2.4.3 A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cW X{¥w
1997-˛¬ Bcw-`n® 9˛mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ AS-¶¬ XpI-bpsS GI-tZiw 40 iX-amw XpI
Xt±-i-`cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v ¬Ip-hmpw AXv P-Io-bm-kq-{XW {]ÿm--Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-tØmsS
P-Iob ]≤-Xn-bmbn S-∏n-em-°p-hmpw kwÿm k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-n-®p. Cu Xocp-amw S-∏n-em-
b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ bYm¿∞ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fmbn
amdn.
tIc-f-Ønse {]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[mw C∂v G‰hpw i‡-amb H∂mbn amdn-bncn°p∂p.
{]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[m--Øn-t‚bpw A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ apº-¥n-
bn¬ n¬°p∂ kwÿm--amWv tIc-fw.
]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[mw tIc-f-Øn¬1
10
2

tIcfØnse {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw
3
3.1. F¥mWv {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw?
AXXv {]tZ-isØ `cW hnI-k Imcy-ßƒ n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xnv {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øw
S-Øm≥ Npa-X-es∏´ kzbw-`-cW `c-W-kw-hn-[m--sØ-bmWv {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw F∂p
]d-bp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S ne-hn¬ h∂t∏mƒ cmPyØv c≠v Xe-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fmWv
hyhÿ sNø-s∏-´-Xv. H∂v tI{µ k¿°m¿, c≠v kwÿm k¿°m-cp-Iƒ. Gsd-°m-esØ N¿®-
Iƒ°pw Btem-N--Iƒ°pw tijw aq∂mw-Xe `c-W-kw-hn[m--ambn {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S--bn¬ 1992˛¬ hyhÿ sNø-s∏-´p; `c-W-L-SbpsS 73-˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS ]©m-bØv
cmPv ÿm]--ßfpw 74-˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS K-c-]m-enIm ÿm]--ßfpw. AtXmsS cmPy-Øv, ]©m-
b-Øp-Ifpw K-c]menIm ÿm]--ßfpw tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm k¿°m-cp-I-sf-t∏mse `c-W-L-Sm ]n≥_-
e-ap≈ {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m--ambn amdn.
3.2. tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv ˛ apn-kn-∏m-en‰n nb-a-ßƒ
tI-cf ]©m-bØv nb-aw (1960), tIcf apn-kn-∏m-en‰n nb-aw (1961) F∂n-h-bmWv 73 Dw 74 Dw `c-
W-L-Sm t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°p-apºv {]m_-ey-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX `c-W-L-Sm t`Z-
KXnIƒ°-p-kr-X-a-mbn 1994˛¬ ]pXnb ]©m-bØv cmPv nbahpw ]pXnb apn-kn-∏m-en‰n nb-ahpw
tIcf nb-a-k` ]m m-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1994˛se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv- nbaw, tIcf -apn-kn-∏m-
en‰n nb-aw F∂n-hbpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Im-c-amWv tIc-fØnse {XnXe ]©mb-Øp-Ifpw K-
c]menIm ÿm]--ßfpw {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
3.3. Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ß-fpsS Npa-X-eIƒ
tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv nb-a-Ønse 3, 4, 5 ]´n-I-I-fn¬ bYm-{Iaw {Kma-˛-tªm-°v-˛-Pn√m ]©m-b-
Øp-IfptSbpw tIcf apn-kn-∏m-en‰n nb-a-Ønse 1˛mw ]´n-I-bn¬ K-c]menIm ÿm]--ß-fp-tSbpw
(ap-n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Ifpw apn-kn-∏n¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-p-I-fpw) Npa-X-e-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-{]-
3.1. F¥mWv {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw?
3.2. tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv ˛ apn-kn-∏m-en‰n nb-a-ßƒ
3.3. Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ß-fpsS Npa-X-eIƒ
3.4. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw ˛ tIcfØnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
3.5. {]mtZ-inI k¿°mcpw {]mtZ-inI `c-W- hy-h-ÿbpw
3.6. tIc-f-Ønse {]mtZ-inI `c-W- kw-hn-[mw
3.7. tIc-f-Ønse Xt±-ikzbw-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ
3.8. k¿°m¿ ÿm]--ßfpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw
11

Imcw {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°pw K-c]menIm ÿm]--ßƒ°pw Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w 3 hn`m-K-Øn-
ep≈ Npa-X-e-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
i. An-hmcy Npa-X-e-Iƒ
ii. s]mXp Npa-X-e-Iƒ
iii. hnI-k taJem Npa-X-e-Iƒ
An-hmcy Npa-X-e-Isf s]mXpPm-tcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h, s]mXp kuI-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏-´-h, BkvXn-I-fpsS kwc-£Whpambn _‘-s∏-´-h, ssek≥kp-Ifpw Ap-hm-Z-ß-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏-´h F∂n-ßs membn hn`-Pn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tªm°v-˛-Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v s]mXp Npa-X-e-Iƒ, hnI-ktaJem Npa-X-e-Iƒ F∂n-ßs
c≠p hn`mKw Npa-X-e-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
ta¬]-d™ aq∂v hn`mKw Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v ]pdsa tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Gev]n-°p∂ Npa-
X-e-Ifpw Xt±-i`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ n¿∆-ln-®p-h-cp-∂p-.
3.4. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw ˛ tIcfØnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-mbn kwÿm k¿°m-cp-I-fn¬ n∂pw A[n-Imcw {]mtZ-inI `cW
ÿm]--ß-fn-te°v ssIam-dp-∂-Xnv `c-W-L-Sm hyh-ÿ- sNøp∂p. `c-W-L-S- hn`m-hw sNbvX
{]Im-cw A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ S-∏n-em°nb GI kwÿmw tIc-f-am-Wv.
D∂-X-t{i-Wn-bn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p∂ (tI{µw/kwÿmw) A[n-Im-csØ IogvØ-ń-te°v ({]mtZ-
in-Iw) ssIam-dp-I-bmWv A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Ww. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS {]mtZ-inI `c-
W-Iq-S-Ønv kzbw`-cW k¿°m-cmbn {]h¿Øn-°m-p≈ kml-Ncyw D≠m-IWw. kzbw-`-cW k¿°m-
cm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw thWw?
i) kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Imiw
ii) hy‡-amb Npa-X-e-Iƒ
iii) hn`-h-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
iv) DtZym-K-ÿ-˛-ÿm] kwhn-[mw
v) nb-a-ßƒ, N´-ßƒ
Chsb√mw tIc-f-Ønse Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ°v ¬In-bn´p-≠v.
A[n-Imcw P-ßƒ°v F∂-XmWv tIc-f-Ønse A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. A[n-
Imcw Xmsg-Ø-ń-te-°v ssIam-‰w sNø-s∏´p F∂p-am-{X-a√ Pm-[n-]Xy XXz-ß-fne[n-jvTn-X-hpamWv
tIc-f-Ønse A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw. HºXmw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bn¬ (1997-˛2002) P-Io-bm-kq-{X-
W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWw S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv. {]mtZ-in-Im-kq-{X-W-Øn-
epw, n¿∆-l-W-Ønepw tamWn‰dnw-Knepw P-ßƒ°v {]mapJyw ¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp∂p P-Io-bm-kq-{X-
W-Øn-eq-sS. Pm-[n-]Xy A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-cWØneqsS Nph-sS-∏-d-bp∂ kZv`-cW khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ km[y-am-Ipw.
i) kzbw`-c-Wm-h-Imiw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø¬ (Autonomy)
ii) `c-W-Øn¬ P-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø¬ (Participation)
iii) `c-W-Øn¬ kpXm-cyX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø¬ (Transparency)
iv) Imcy-£-a-X-bp≈ `cWw (Efficiency)
v) P-ß-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw nd-th-‰¬ (Accountability)
vi) F√m-h¿°pw Xpeyhpw ]£-]m-X-c-ln-X-hp-amb Ah-kcw (Equity)
vii) Pm-`n-{]m-b-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-Ic-Wm-fl-IX (Responsivenes)
viii) nb-Xhpw oXn-]q¿∆-hp-amb `cW {]{Inb (Due Process)
tIcfØnse {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw1
12
3

3.5. {]mtZ-inI k¿°mcpw {]mtZ-inI `c-W- hy-h-ÿbpw
{]mtZ-inI k¿°m¿ (Local Government) F∂m¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Ifpw B
k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-amb ÿm]--ßfpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw {Kma-k-`bpw tN¿∂-XmWv. {]mtZ-inI `c-W-hy-
hÿ (Local Governance) F∂m¬ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cnv ]pdsa Ab¬Iq-´-ßƒ, hm¿UvX-e-Øn-
ep≈ hnhn[ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--X-e-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, hnhn-[-ß-fmb P-
Iob kan-Xn-Iƒ, k∂≤ kwL-S--Iƒ, k∂≤ {]h¿Ø-I¿ XpSßn {]mtZ-inI `c-W-Øn¬
Dƒt®¿°m≥ Ign-bp∂ apgp-h≥ kwhn-[m--ßfpw tNcp-∂-XmWv.
3.6. tIc-f-Ønse {]mtZ-inI `c-W- kw-hn-[mw
{]mtZ-inI `cW
kwhn-[mw
Hmw_p-Uvkvam≥
A∏-te‰v
-{Sn-_q-W¬
Xnc-s™-Sp∏v
IΩo-j≥
kwÿm hnI-k
Iu¨kn¬
[-Imcy IΩo-j≥
K-c-]menI ÿm]--ßƒ
apn-kn-∏¬
Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ
apn-kn-∏¬
tIm¿∏-td-j-p-Iƒ
{XXne ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ
{Kma-
]-©m-bØpIƒ
tªm°v
]©m-bØpIƒ
Pn√m
]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ
{Kma-k-`-Iƒhm¿Uv k`-Iƒ/hm¿Uv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
3.7. tIc-f-Ønse Xt±-ikzbw-`-cW ÿm]--ßƒ
tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv nbaw (1994) {]Imcw {XnXe ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw ({Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ,
tªm°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ) tIcf apn-kn-∏m-en‰n n-ba (1994) {]Imcw K-
c]menIm ÿm]--ßfpw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v F∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. 2010 se Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--
ß-fp-sS FÆw, hm¿Up-I-fpsS FÆw, AwK-kwJy F∂nh ]´nI 1 ¬ sImSp°p-∂p.
]´nI 1 : Xt±i `cW ÿm]--ßƒ (tI-c-fw)
{Ia Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]w Xt±-i-`-cW hm¿Up-I-fpsS AwK-kwJy (hm¿Up-Iƒ)
º¿ ÿm]--Øns‚ FÆw (2010)
FÆw (2010) Ipd™ IqSnb
(2010) FÆw FÆw
1. {Kma-]-©m-bØv 978 16680 13 23
2. tªm°v ]©m-bØv 152 2093 13 23
3. Pn√m ]©m-bØv 14 332 16 32
4. apn-kn-∏m-en‰n 60 2216 26 52
5. apn-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 5 359 55 100
BsI 1209 21680 - -
t_mIvkv 1 : {]mtZ-inI `c-W- kw-hn-[mw
13

(i) P-kw-Jysb ASn-ÿm--am-°n-bmWv hm¿Up-I-fpsS FÆw n›-bn-°p-∂Xv (Np-a-Xe kwÿm
k¿°m-cn-v).
(ii) Hcp `c-W-k-an-Xn ne-hn¬ h∂m¬ AXns‚ Imem-h[n°p≈n¬ hm¿Up-I-fpsStbm Xt±-i-`-
cW ÿm]--Øn-s‚tbm AXn¿Øn am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-X-√.
(iii) Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-f-S-ßp∂ IΩn-‰n-bn-emWv `cWm[n-Im-cw n£n-]vX-am-
bncn°p∂Xv.
(iv) amk-Øn¬ Ipd-™Xv Hcp Xh-W-sb-¶nepw IΩn‰n tbmKw IqSWw.
(v) nbahyh-ÿ-Iƒ°-p-k-cn-®p≈ A[n-Imcw hnn-tbm-Kn-°mpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ nd-th-‰mpw Xt±ikzbw-
`c-W ÿm]--ßƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v hncp≤-amb Xocp-am--sa-Sp-
°mtm S-∏n-em-°mtm ]mSn-√. AXm-bXv kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-ap-≠v, ]c-am-[n-Im-c-an-√.
(vi) Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-fn¬ n∂v A≤y-£s ({XnXe ]©m-b-Øp-Ifn¬ {]kn-
U‚ v/apn-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn¬ sNb¿t]gvk¨/apn-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-p-I-fn¬ tab¿) P-{]-Xn-
n-[n-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
(vii) A≤y-£-m-Wv Xt±-i-`cW ÿm]--Øns‚ Imcy-n¿∆-lW A[n-Im-c-ÿ≥ (No^v FIvkn-
Iyq-´ohv AtXm-dn-‰n).
(viii) sk{I-´-dn-bmWv Imcyn¿∆lW DtZym-K-ÿ≥
(ix) ÿm]--ta-[m-hn-Iƒ FIvkv H^otjym sk{I-´-dn-am-cm-Wv.
(x) Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ apgp-h≥ Npa-X-e-Ifpw (hm¿Uv hn`-P-w, kwh-cW aWvU-e-ßfpw
ÿm-ßfpw n›-bn-°¬, AwK-ß-fpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, A≤y£ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, Ãm≥UnwKv
IΩn‰n Xncs™Sp∏v XpS-ßn-b-h) Xnc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-mWv nd-th-‰p-∂Xv.
3.8. k¿°m¿ ÿm]--ßfpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw
A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn AXXv {]tZ-i-Øp≈ k¿°m¿ ÿm]--ßtfbpw Ah-
bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-tcbpw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v ssIam-dn-bn-´p-≠v. Irjn-`-h≥, arKm-ip-]-{Xn,
Atem-∏-Xn-˛-B-bp¿t∆-Z-˛-tlm-antbm Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, A¶-W-hm-Sn-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ ss{]adn kvIqfp-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw C∂v {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-tStbm K-c]menIm ÿm]--ß-fp-tStbm nb-{¥-W-
Øn-ep≈hbm-Wv. Ch-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-sc√mw _‘-s∏´ Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--Øns‚ nb-{¥-W-
Øn-ep≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-Wv. CXp-t]mse tªm°v-˛-Pn-√m-˛]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°pw AXXv Xe-ß-fn-ep≈
ÿm]--ßfpw Ah-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-tcbpw ssIam-dn-bn-´p-≠v.
Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]--Øns‚ hnhn[ hnj-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø--ßƒ (DZm: Irjn, hnZym-
`ym-kw, BtcmKyw XpSßnbh) Cu ÿm]--ß-fn-eq-tSbpw DtZym-Kÿcneq-tS-bp-amWv S-∏n-em-°p-
∂-Xv. Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]w Xocp-am--ßƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ nb-a-]-chpw kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw kmºØnI-
hp-amb hnZKv[ D]-tZiw ¬tI-≠Xv Ch-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv.
tIcfØnse {]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[mw1
14
3

IΩn‰n kwhn-[m--ßƒ, P-Iob kwhn-[m--ßƒ
4
4.1. Xt±i `cW ÿm]--ßfpw IΩn‰n kwhn-[m-hpw
Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-ZnØØne-[n-jvTn-X-amWv tIc-f-Ønse {]mtZ-inI k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-w. Hcp hy‡n-
bn¬ A[n-Imcw tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. ]©m-b-Øn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-´p-ff Npa-X-e-Iƒ nd-th-‰p-∂-
Xnmbn Xocp-am--ßƒ ssIs°m-f-fm-p-ff A[n-Imcw `c-W-k-an-Xn-°m-Wv. ^e{]-Z-amb Xo-cp-am--
ßƒ ssIs°m-f-fp-∂-Xnpw FSpØ Xocp-am--ß-fpsS n¿∆-lWw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xnpw th≠n
hnhn[ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. CXn¬ n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂-sX-
¥mWv? ]©m-b-Øn¬ Xocp-am--sa-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Ah S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xpw H‰-°-√, Iq´m-bva-tbm-sS-bm-
Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]©m-bØv sNøp∂ F√m Imcyßƒ°pw Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-ZnØw Dd-∏m-°m≥
Ign-bWw. ]©m-b-Ønse hnhn[ IΩn‰n kwhn-[m--ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v tm°mw.
4.1. Xt±i `cW ÿm]--ßfpw IΩn‰n kwhn-[m-hpw
4.2. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ (]-©m-bØv cmPv BIvSv, hIp∏v 162)
4.3. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ
4.4. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Ifpw Ah ssIImcyw sNtø≠ hnj-b-ßfpw
(h-Ip∏v 162 F)
4.5. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn‰n (h-Ip∏v 162 _n)
4.6. {]h¿ØIΩn-‰n-Iƒ (h-Ip∏v 163)
4.7. k∫v IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v 164 (1)
4.8. hm¿Uv IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v 164 (2))
4.9. tPmbn‚ v IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v 165)
4.10. P-Iob kwL-Sm kwhn-[m--ßƒ
15

4.2. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ (]-©m-bØv cmPv BIvSv, hIp∏v 162)
]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v nc-h[n Npa-X-e-I-fp-≠v. Ah-bn¬ H∂p-t]mepw hn´p-t]m-ImsX hnhn[ Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn-‰nIƒ°v ¬In-bn-´p-≠v. ]©m-bØv GXv hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n®pw Hcp Xocp-am--sa-Sp°pw apºv
kq£va-ambpw hni-Z-ambpw A°mcyw ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xp≠v. Cu ]cn-tim-[ AXmXv Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn‰n tbmK-Øn¬ SØn, AhnsS Xocp-am--sa-SpØ tij-am-bn-cn-°Ww GsXmcp hnj-bhpw AP-
≠-bmbn `c-W-k-anXn tbmK-Øn¬ htc-≠-Xv. ]©m-bØv FSp-°mp-t±-in-°p∂ GsXmcp Xocp-am-
hpw BZyw N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-amn-°p∂ thZn GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bmbncn-°-Ww.
am-{X-a-√, ]©m-bØv Hcp hnjbw kw_-‘n®v FSpØ Xocp-amw Imcy-£-a-ambn S-∏n-em-°p∂p
F∂v Dd∏v hcp-tØ≠ Npa-X-ebpw _‘-s∏´ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-°p≠v.
4.3. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ
Xnc-s™Sp-°-s∏´ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ am{X-amWv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ. {]kn-U‚ v
Hgn-sI-bp-ff Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ F√m AwK-ßfpw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-
Wv. F∂m¬ HcwKw H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xpa-√. Hmtcm Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-
‰n-bnepw Hcp hnXm AwKw n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F√m Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰nIƒ°pw, B
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰nbnse AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ n∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp sNb¿t]-gvk¨ D≠m-bn-cn-
°pw. [-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS sNb¿t]gvk¨ sshkv{]-kn-U‚ v Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ]©m-
bØv {]kn-U‚ v F√m Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fnepw thm´-h-Im-i-an-√mØ FIvkv Hôtjym AwK-am-Wv.
Hmtcm Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰nbpw hnfn-®p-tN¿°p-∂-Xnpw tbmK-ß-fpsS lmP¿, annSvkv F∂nh tcJ-
s∏-SpØn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-p-ambn ]©m-bØv Hmô-knse Hmtcm DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Hmôkv Hm¿U¿
hgn Npa-Xe n›-bn®p ¬I-Ww. sk{I-´dn Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw.
[-Imcyw
hnI-kw
hnZym-`ymkw
BtcmKyw
Ãnb-dnwKvv
IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
{Kma-k`
{Kma-k`/
k_v I-Ωn‰n
hm¿Uv
I-Ωn‰n
k_v
I-Ωn‰n
{]h¿Ø
I-Ωn‰n
]©m-bØvÃm‚nwKv
IΩn‰nIƒ
s]mXp-a-cm-aØv
(Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øp-
I-fn¬ am{Xw)
t£a-Imcyw
t_mIvkv 2 : ]©m-b-Øp-I-fnse P-{]-Xn-n[n kwhn-[m-hpw IΩn-‰n-Ifpw
IΩn‰n kwhn-[m--ßƒ,
P-Iob kwhn-[m--ßƒ1
16
4

4.4. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Ifpw Ah ssIImcyw sNtø≠ hnj-b-ßfpw (h-Ip∏v 162F)
]ńI 2 : {Kma]©m-bØv Ãm‰nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
{Ia Ãm‚nwKv I-Ωn‰n ssIImcyw sNtø≠ hnj-b-ßƒ
º¿
1. [-Imcyw [-Imcyw, nIpXn, A°u-≠p-Iƒ,HmUn‰v, _P‰v, s]mXp`cWw, nIpXn
A∏o¬, a‰v Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰nIƒ°v ¬-Inbn-ń√mØ Imcy-ßƒ.
2. hnI-kw hnI-k Bkq-{XWw, kmaq-lnIw, kmº-ØnImkq-{XWw, πmnwKv,
kvt]jy¬ Bkq-{XWw,Irjn,aÆv kwc-£Ww, kmaqlyhh¬°-cWw,
arK-kw-c-£Ww, £oc-hn-I-kw, sNdpInS Pe-tk-Nw, a-’y-_-‘w,
s]mXp-a-cm-aØv, sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw, ]m¿∏nS kuIcyw, sIńS n¿Ωm-W-
ß-fpsS nb-{¥Ww, sshZypXn.
3. t£a-Imcyw ]ń-I-PmXn˛]ń-I-h¿§ hnI-kw, kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-kw,
kmaq-ly-t£aw, kmaq-ly-kpc-£m-{]-h¿Øw, tNcn-]-cn-jvI-cWw, Zmcn-{Zy-
n¿Ωm¿÷w, s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zmbw.
4. Btcm-Kyhpw s]mXp-P-m-tcmKyw, ipNo-I-cWw, ip≤-Pe hnX-cWw (Ip-Sn-sh-f-fw), Agp-
°p-Nm¬, ]cn-ÿnXn, Iebpw kwkvIm-chpw hntm-Zhpw, hnZym-`ymkw.
]ńI 3 : tªm°v ]©m-bØv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
º¿
1. [-Imcyw [-Imcyw, A°u-≠pIƒ, HmUn‰v, _P‰v, s]mXp`cWw, a‰v Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn‰nIƒ°v ¬-Inbn-ń√mØ Imcy-ßƒ.
2. hnI-kw hnI-k Bkq-{XWw, kmaq-lnIhpw kmº-ØnIhpw, πmnwKv, Irjn, a’y-
_-‘w, arK-kw-c-£Ww, sNdp-InS Pe-tk-Nw, s]mXp-a-cm-aØv, ]m¿∏nS
kuIcyw, sshZypXn, o¿adn ]cn-]m-ew, sNdp-InShyh-kmbw.
3. t£a-Imcyw ]ń-I-PmXn˛]ń-I-h¿§ hnI-kw, kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-kw,
kmaq-ly-t£aw, Zmcn-{Zy-n¿Ωm¿÷w, s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zmbw.
4. Btcm-Kyhpw s]mXp-P-m-tcmKyw, ]cn-ÿnXn, hnZym-`ymkw, Iebpw kwkvIm-chpw, hntm-
Zhpw.
hnZym-`ym-khpw
hnZym-`ym-khpw
17

]ńI 4 : Pn√m ]©m-bØv ˛ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
º¿
1. [-Imcyw [-Imcyw, A°u-≠p-Iƒ , HmUn‰v, _P‰v, s]mXp`cWw, a‰v Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn‰nIƒ°v ¬-ImØ Imcy-ßƒ.
2. hnI-kw hnI-k Bkq-{XWw, kmaq-lnIw ˛ kmº-ØnIw Bkq-{XWw, Irjn, aÆv
kwc-£Ww, arK-kw-c-£-Ww, sNdp-InS Pe-tk-Nw, a’y-_-‘w, sNdp-
InS hyh-kmbw, sshZypXn.
3. s]mXpa-cm-aØv s]mXp-a-cm-aØv, ]m¿∏nS hnI-kw, kvt]jy¬ πmnwKv, ]cn-ÿnXn.
4. Btcm-Kyhpw s]mXp-P-m-tcmKyw, hnZym-`ymkw.
hnZym-`ym-khpw
5. t£a-Imcyw kmaq-ly-t£aw, kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-kw, ]ń-I-PmXn˛]ń-
I-h¿§ hn-Ikw, Zmcn-{Zy-n¿Ωm¿÷w.
4.5. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn‰n (h-Ip∏v ˛ 162 _n)
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰nIfpsS {]h¿Øßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-pw, GsX-¶nepw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n
{]h¿Øcln-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ AXn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xnpw ]©m-bØv G¬∏n-®p-sIm-SpØ a‰v GsX-
¶nepw Npa-XeIƒ n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xnpw th≠n-bmWv Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn-‰n. {]kn-U‚pw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n
sNb¿am-∑mcpw BWv Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn-‰nbnse AwK-ßƒ. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn-‰n tbmK-ß-fn¬ sk{I-´dn
]s¶-Sp-°-Ww.
]©m-b-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø--ß-fn¬ ]©m-b-Øp-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂-Xnv {]h¿Ø IΩn-
‰n-Iƒ, k_vI-Ωn-‰nIƒ, hm¿Uv IΩn-‰nIƒ, tPmbn‚ v IΩn‰nIƒ F∂nh cq]o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
4.6. {]h¿ØIΩn-‰n-Iƒ (h-Ip∏v ˛ 163)
Irjn, ipNnXzw, hm¿Øm hnnabw, s]mXp-P-m-tcmKyw, hnZym`ymkw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬
]©m-b-Ønp {]h¿Ø IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]oI-cn°mw. ]©m-bØv
{]kn-U‚pw, AwK-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØ
men¬ Ihn-bmØ AwK-ßfpw, ]©m-bØp ma-n¿t±iw
sNøp∂ men¬ Ihn-bmØ AwK-ßfpw (thm´-h-Imiw C√)
AS-ßp-∂-XmWv {]h¿Ø IΩn‰n.
4.7. k∫v IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v 164 ˛ (1)
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bp-sStbm, {]h¿Ø--I-Ωn‰n-bp-sStbm, GsX-
¶nepw ]Wntbm t{]mPIvt‰m S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂-
Xn-p≈ kan-XnbmWv k_v IΩn‰n. ]©m-bØv `c-W-k-anXn
AwK-ßfpw ]©m-bØv ma-n¿t±iw sNø-p∂ AwK-ßfpw
(thm-´-h-Imiw C√) Cu IΩn-‰n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.
1
18
4
P-Iob kwhn-[m--ßƒ

4.8. hm¿Uv IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v 164 (2))
Hmtcm hm¿Un-t‚bpw X-Xmb Bh-iy-ßƒ ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂-Xnv cq]-h¬°-cn-°p∂
hm¿Uv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ _‘-s∏´ hm¿Unse AwKhpw ]©m-bØv ma-n¿t±iw sNøp∂ Xt±i
hmkn-I-fp-w AwK-ß-fmbncn-°pw. hm¿Uv saº-dmWv Cu IΩn-‰n-bpsS A≤y-£≥.
4.9. tPmbn‚ v IΩn‰nIƒ (h-Ip∏v ˛ 165)
]©m-b-Ønv Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam Xt±i `cW ÿm]--ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-
ap≈ {]h¿Ø--ß-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn-tebv°v, _‘-s∏´ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v {]mXn-n-[y-ap-≠mIpw
hn[w tPmbn‚ v IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn°mw. ]©m-bØv ap≥ssI FSptØm, k¿°m¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmsgm
BWv tPmbn‚ v IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.
4.10. P-Iob kwL-Sm kwhn-[m--ßƒ
Pm-[n-]Xy `cW hyh-ÿ-bn¬ P-ßƒ°v hnizm-k-ap-≠m-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah¿°v `c-W-Øn¬
]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-I-Ww. P-ßƒ tIhew {]P-Itfm KpW-t`m-‡m-°tfm BI-cp-Xv. Xocp-am--ßƒ
FSp-°p-∂-Xnepw AXv S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw S-∏m-°nb Imcy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-epw P-ßƒ°v
]¶mfnI-fm-Im≥ Ign-bp-tºmƒ am{Xta Pm-[n-]Xyw ^e-h-Øm-hp-I-bp-≈p.
P-ß-tfbpw P-Iob kwL-Sm kwhn-[m--ß-tfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂Xm-bn-cn-°Ww {]mtZ-inI
`cW hyhÿ F∂v tcsØ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. P-ß-tfbpw P-Iob kwL-Sm kwhn-[m--ß-
tfbpw `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°-Ww.
{Kma-k-`-Iƒ, BIvSv {]Imcw kzbw cq]oIrXam-Ip∂ P-Iob kwL-Sm kwhn-[m--am-Wv. {]Xy£
Pm-[n-]Xy thZn-bmbn Ahsb {]h¿Øn-∏nt°-≠-Xp-≠v. {Kma-k`-Iƒ°v GXm-h-iy-Ønpw k_vI-
Ωn‰nIƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]©m-b-Øns‚ F√m s]mXp-P-m-tcmKy ÿm]--ß-fp-sSbpw ssZw-Zn {]h¿Ø--ßfn¬ ]©m-
b-Øns klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-mbn BIvSv {]Imcw Hmtcm Btcm-Ky-ÿm-]--Ønpw Hcp amt-PnwKv
IΩn-‰n- D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {]kn-U‚ v Cu IΩn-‰n-bpsS sNb¿am-pw Btcm-Ky-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn‰n sNb¿am≥ sshkvsN-b¿ampw saUn-°¬
Hm^o-k¿ I¨ho--dp-ambncn°pw.
k¿°m¿ n¿t±-im-p-k-cWw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw {]h¿Øn®p hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂ P-Iob
kan-Xn-I-fmWv ]n.-Sn.-F.Iƒ, ]mS-ti-Jc kan-Xn-Iƒ,
A¶WhmSn sh¬s^-b¿ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, IpSpw-_{io
Ab¬°q-´-ßfpw, F.-Un.-F-kv.Ifpw, kn.-
Un.Fkv.Ifpw, KpW-t`m‡r kan-Xn-Iƒ, sS≠¿
{]h¿Øn-Iƒ°p≈ tamWn-‰-dnwKv kan-Xn-Iƒ,
]≤Xn Bkq-{X-W-Øn-m-bp≈ h¿°nwKv {Kq∏p-
Iƒ, ]≤Xn tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn-m-bp≈ tamWn-‰-dnwKv
kan-Xn-Iƒ, h-kw-c-£W kan-Xn-Iƒ, Ct°m
19

Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v skmssk-‰n-Iƒ, hm¿UvXe Btcm-Ky-˛-ip-Nn-Xz-˛-t]m-jW kan-Xn-Iƒ, Pm{KX kan-Xn-
Iƒ apX-em-bh ta¬∏-d™hsb√mw {]mtZ-inI `c-W-˛-hn-I-k {]h¿Ø--ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥
{]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-XmWv.
ta¬]-d-™h IqSmsX dkn-U‚ vkv At m-kn-tb-j-p-Iƒ, ¢∫p-Iƒ, hmb--im-e-Iƒ, bph-P
sXmgnem-fn-˛-I¿j-I-˛-k¿∆o-kv-˛-s]≥j-tgvkv kwL-S--Iƒ, a‰v k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-SIƒ apX-
em-b-h-sbbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-IWw {]mtZ-inI `cW kwhn-[m-w. F¶n¬ am{Xta kpXm-cyhpw
Imcy-£-ahpw P-]-¶m-fnØ ]q¿Æ-amb {]mtZ-inI `cWw km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈p.
1
20
4
P-Iob kwhn-[m--ßƒ

P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw
5
5.1. P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
5.2. {]kn-U‚ns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØ-ß-fpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
5.3. sshkv {]-kn-U‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
5.4. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿ams‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
5.5. ]©m-bØv AwK-ßfpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øßfpw
5.6. DtZym-K-ÿcpw P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
1
]©m-bØv cmP BIvSv, A≤ymbw XIV ¬ n∂pw IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
5.1. P-{]-Xn-n-[n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ1
Pm-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn¬ `c-W-]-chpw b-]-c-hp-amb Xocp-am--ßƒ FSpt°≠Xpw FSpØ Xocp-
am-ßƒ DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m--Øn-eqsS S-∏n-em-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-∂p-d-∏m-t°-≠Xpw P-{]-Xn-n-[n-
I-fm-W-t√m. ]©m-bØvcmPv kwhn-[m--Øn¬ P-{]-Xn-n[n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? Hcp P-{]-Xn-n-[n-°v, P-{]-Xn-n[n F∂ ne-bn¬ Xs∂ hyXykvX tdmfp-Iƒ
hln-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, hm¿Uv saº¿ F∂ Npa-Xe hln-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ GsX-
¶nepw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿am-mImw As√¶n¬ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n saº-dm-Imw, h¿°nwKv {Kq∏v
sNb¿am-m-Imw, saº-dm-Imw. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw `cW kanXn AwK-am-Wv. Hmtcm ÿm-Ønpw AXn-
-p-k-cn®p≈ {]tXyI Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fp-ap-≠v.
5.2.{]kn-U‚ns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØ-ß-fpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
* ]©m-b-Øns‚ Imcyn¿∆-l-Wm-[n-Imcn
* ]©m-bØv tbmKßƒ hnfn®v tN¿°p-I.
* ]©m-b-Øn-s‚bpw {Kma-k`bp-tSbpw tbmK-Øn¬ A[y-£X
hln-°p-I, nb{¥n-°p-I.
* ]©m-b-Øn-tebpw LS-I-ÿm-]--ß-fn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS
{]h¿Ø-ßƒ°v s]mXp ta¬tm´w hln-°p-I, Ahsc nb-
{¥n-°p-I, Ah-cqsS tIm¨^nU≥jy¬ dn-t∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
* ]©m-b-Øns‚ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ A[n-Ir-X-am-°p-I.
* ]©m-bØv tbmK-ß-fn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS lmP¿ Dd-∏m-°pI.
21

* sk{I-´-dn, Kk-‰Uv DtZymKÿ¿ F∂n-h¿ Hgn-sI-bp≈ Po-h--°m-cpsS t]cn¬ IrXy-hn-tem-
]-Øntm, nb-am-p-kr-X-amb n¿t±-iß-fpsS ewL--Øntm Dff in£m S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cnt°≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ k¿∆o-kn¬ n∂v kkvs]‚ v sNøp-I.
* ^b-ep-Ifpw dn°m¿Up-Ifpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I, ^b-ep-Ifnepw dn°m¿Up-Ifnepw Bhiy-amb
n¿t±-i-ßƒ/DØ-c-hp-Iƒ tcJmaqew ¬Ip-I. (F∂m¬ sk{I-´-dn-bntem GsX-¶nepw DtZym-
K-ÿ-ntem am{Xw n£n-]vX-am-bn-´p≈ Ãm‰yq-´dn A[n-Im-cßƒ hnn-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ ^b-ep-Itfm dn°m¿Up-Itfm Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ ]mSn√)
* X-]m-ep-Iƒ bYm-k-abw ]cn-tim-[n®v n¿t±iw ¬Ip-I.
* n-›n-X-]-cn[nbn¬ Ihn-bm-sX-bpf-f- I-≠nP≥kn sNe-hp-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xnv ApaXn ¬IpI.
* GsX-¶nepw Imc-W-h-im¬ hm¿Uv sa-º¿°v {Kma-k` hnfn®p Iq´p-∂-Xnv IgnbmsX h∂m¬
sXm´-SpØ hm¿Uv saºsd I¨ho--dmbn NpaX-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
* saº¿am-cpsS tNmZy-ßƒ°pw {]ta-b-ßƒ°pw Ap-aXn ¬Ip-I.
* tbmK-k-a-bØv {Ia-{]-iv-ß-fn¬ Xocp-amsa-Sp-°p-I.
* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°pI. (thm´-h-Imi-an-√)
* sk{I-´dn ka¿∏n-°p-∂ ann‰vkv ]cn-tim-[n®v 24 aWn-°q-dn-Iw AwKo-Imcw ¬IpI.
* _P‰v Ah-X-c-W-tbm-K-Øn¬ BapJ {]kwKw S-Øp-I.
* Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn‰n, {]h¿Ø IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, tPmbn‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ F∂nh hnfn®ptN¿°p-I,
A≤y£X hln°pI.
* D]-Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ AwK-Ønsbpw, s]mXp Xncs™Sp∏n¬ bYm-
kabw {]Xn⁄sbSp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂ AwK-Øn-sbpw kXy-{]-XnPvR sNøn°p-I.
* hm¿jn-I -[--Im-cy- tÃ‰vsa‚ v Pqsse 31˛Iw tem°¬ ^≠v HmUn-‰v A[nImcnIƒ°v
Ab®p sImSp-°p-I.
* s]¿-t^m¿a≥kv HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´v ]©mbØns‚ ASpØ tbmK-Øn¬ ka¿∏n°p-I.
* Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂]£w ]©m-bØv tbmK-Øn¬ ImÃnwKv thm´v tcJ-s∏SpØpI.
* Bh-iy-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ hnt√Pv Hm^o-k¿amsc ]©m-bØv tbmK-Øn¬ hnfn®p hcp-
ØpI.
* Jc˛-{Z-h-am-en-y-ßƒ bYm-k-abw o°w-sN-øp∂Xnv sk{I-´dn°v n¿t±iw ¬IpI.
* sshkv {]-kn-U‚ v, Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿am≥am¿, AwKßƒ F∂n-hcpsS bm{Xm-∏Sn _n√p-
Iƒ ]m m°p-I.
* Am-Y-t{]-X-ßƒ adhp sNøp-∂-Xnpth≠n ]Ww sNe-h-gn-°p∂-Xnv sk{I´dn°v Ap-
aXn ¬Ip-I.
* Iim-∏p-im-e-Iƒ, Cd-®n-°-S-Iƒ, s]mXpam¿°-‰p-Iƒ, kzIm-cy am¿°-‰p-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-
[n-°p∂-Xnpw Ip‰-ßƒ cmPn-bm-°p-∂-Xnpw sk{I´-dn°v Ap-aXn ¬IpI.
* acm-aØp ]Wn-Iƒ sS≠¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-pw Icm-dn-te¿s∏-Sp∂Xnpw sk{I-´-dn°v n¿tZiw
¬Ip-I.
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw1
22
5

* ]©m-bØv ]m m-°nb Hcp {]tabw nb-am-p-kr-X-a-s√t∂m ]©m-b-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cØn¬
Ihn-™-Xm-sWt∂m S-∏n-em-°n-bm¬ ap-jys‚ Poh-ttbm Btcm-Ky-tØtbm s]mXp-P--
c-£-tbtbm A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°p-sat∂m Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ B kwKXn DS≥ k¿°m-
cnp d^¿ sNøp-I.
5.3. sshkv {]-kn-U‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
* [-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv I-Ωn-‰n sNb¿am≥ F∂ ne-bv°p-ff Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆ln°¬
* {]kn-U-‚ns‚ A`m-h-Øntem 15 Znh-k-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]kn-U‚nv At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-
Iƒ nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmtgm {]kn-U‚ns‚ F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
sshkv {]-kn-U‚mWv n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
5.4. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿ams‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ßƒ hnfn®v Iq´p-I, A[y-£-X -h-ln-°p-I
* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿am-p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn ¬Ip-I.
* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-Ønse AP-≠-Iƒ°v Ipdn∏v Xøm-
dm°n ¬Ip-I.
* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n°v th≠n _‘-s∏´ ^b-ep-I-fn¬ A`n-
{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
* {]kn-U‚ns‚bpw, sshkv{]-kn-U-‚n-s‚bpw ÿm-ßƒ
Hgn-hm-bn-°n-S-∂m¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚ NpaXe Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-
‰n{Ia-Øn¬ (hnI-kw, t£a-Im-cyw, BtcmKy˛ -hn-Zym-
`ymkw F∂ {Ia-Øn¬) hln-°pI.
* h¿°nwKv {Kq∏p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø--ßƒ°v tXrXzw
¬Ip-I, {]h¿Ø--ßƒ GtIm-]n-°pI.
5.5. ]©m-bØv AwK-ßfpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-
Zn-Øßfpw
* ]©m-bØv tbmK-ß-fn¬ IrXy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-I, A`n-
{]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØpI
* {]kn-U‚ v Ap-h-Zn® AP-≠ -{]-Imcw {]ta-b-ßƒ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
* tNmZy-ßfpw {]ta-b-ßfpw {]kn-U‚np ap≥Iq´n
¬IpI.
* ]©mbØv tbmK-ß-fn¬ thms´-Sp∏v Bh-iy-ambn hcptºmƒ thm´p sNøp-I.
* ]©m-bØv {]tZ-isØ P-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw, s]mXp {]m[m-y-ap≈ Imcyßfpw ]©m-
b-Øns‚ {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠phcn-I.
-* Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°pI.
* {Kma-k`-bpsS I¨ho--sd∂ nebv°v Hmtcm aq∂p amkw IqSptºmgpw {Kmak` hnfn®p
Iq´pI.
23

* {]kn-U‚ns‚bpw, sshkv{]-kn-U-‚n-s‚bpw A`m-h-Øn¬ {Kma-k-`-bpsS A[y-£-m-hpI
* ]©m-b-Øns‚ An-hmcy Npa-X-e-Ifpw, s]mXp Npa-X-e-Ifpw taJ-em-Np-a-X-eIfpw n¿∆-ln-
°p-∂-Xnv klm-bn-°p-I.
* `cWn¿∆-l-W-Øn¬ Iq´m-b -{]-h¿Ø--ßfn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-I.
* kzØphnh-chpw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏pIW-°p-Ifpw bYm-k-abw ¬Ip-I.
* cmPn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-p-ff Ah-Imiw
* h¿°nwKv {Kq∏v sNb¿am≥/AwKw F∂ ne-bn¬ ]≤Xn Bkq-{XW˛n¿∆lW˛tamWn-‰-
dnwKv {]h¿Ø--ß-fn¬ tXr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¶p hln-°p-I.
* ]©m-b-Øns‚ _P‰v {i≤m-]q¿∆w ]Tn-°p-Ibpw hnI-k {]h¿Ø--Øn-p≈ D]-I-c-W-
ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
* IpSpw-_{io Ab¬°q´w, F.Un.Fkv., kn.Un.Fkv. F∂nh-bpsS {]h¿Ø--ß-fn¬ klm-
bn-°pI. F.-Un.-Fkv. c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn {]-h¿Øn-°p-I.
* sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤-Xn-bpsS hm¿UvXe t{ImUo-I-cW kwL-Øns‚ sNb¿am≥, hm¿UvXe
km£-cXm IΩn‰n I¨ho-¿, IShv IΩn‰n AwKw, A¶-W-hm-Sn-I-fnse sh¬s^-b¿ IΩn‰n
sNb¿am≥ F∂o ne-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-I.
* Imcytijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-p-ff ]cn-io-e]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°pI.
5.6. DtZym-K-ÿcpw P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w2
]©m-bØv `c-W-Øn¬ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-am-bmWt√m {]h¿Øn-
t°-≠-Xv. c≠p hn`m-K-Ønpw P-ß-tfmSv Htct]mse DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ sa®-
s∏´ `cWw ImgvN shbv°p-∂-Xnv Ccp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Iq´m-bva-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-ff {]h¿Øw An-
hm-cy-am-Wv. Iq´m-bva-bn-√mØn-SØv kulr-Z-_‘w D≠m-Ins√∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. Fßs-bmWv Iq´m-
bvabpw kulr-Z_‘hpw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I?
`c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ F∂ ne-bn¬ P-ß-tfm-Sp-ff ISa n¿∆ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS
Bﬂm¿∞-amb kl-I-cWw IqSntb Ignbq F∂v P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ°v t_m[yw thWw. ]©m-
bØv Hcp {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cm-sW∂pw Ahn-SpsØ P-{]-Xn-n[n kwhn-[m--Øns‚ nb-{¥-W-
Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cmWv Xß-sf∂pw DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw [mcW thWw. C°mcyw ]c-kv]cw
AwKo-I-cn-°m-p-ff Hcp amknIm-hÿ
c≠p hn`m-K-Ønpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
P-{]-Xn-n[n kwhn-[m--Øns‚ nb-
{¥-Wm-[n-Im-csØ DtZym-K-ÿ¿
Dƒs°m-f-f-Ww. AXp-t]mse DtZym-K-
ÿ-cpsS s{]m^-j-W¬ sshZ-Kv≤y-
sØbpw n-b-am-p-krX n¿t±-i-ß-
sfbpw P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-
t°≠Xp-ap-≠v. DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ am{Xw
n£n-]vX-am-bn-´p≈ Ãm‰yq-´dn A[n-Im-
c-ß-fn¬ P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ CS-s]-Sm≥
]mSn-√. CsX√mw shdpw D]-tZ-i-ßƒ
am{X-amtWm? ]men-°-s∏-tS-≠ D]-tZ-i-
2
2007 tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (Xn-c-s™-Sp-°s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw XΩn-ep≈ sXmgn¬]c-ambn _‘hpw
s]cp-am‰hpw) N´ßƒ
1
24

ßƒ Xs∂. DtZym-Kÿ˛P-{]-Xn-n[n _‘w kw_-‘n® nb-a-ß-fnepw 2007 se tIcf ]©m-
bØv cmPv (Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw XΩn-ep≈ sXmgn¬]-c-amb _‘hpw
s]cp-am-‰-hpw) N´-ßfnepw C°m-cy-ßƒ hy-hÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ {][m--s∏-´h NphsS sImSp-
°p-∂p.
P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw Ah-cn¬ n£n-]vX-amb I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-
Xn¬ kulm¿±-]-c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw ]pe¿Ø-Ww.
Ah-c-h-cpsS nb-am-[n-jvTnX ]cn-[n-Iƒ ewLn-°-cp-Xv.
P--{]-Xn-n[n tcJm-aqew ¬Ip∂ nb-am-p-krX n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]men°phm≥ DtZym-K-ÿ≥
_m-≤y-ÿ-m-Wv.
P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ HutZym-KnI tcJ-Iƒ nb-a-]-c-ambn XS sam∂pw Cs√-
¶n¬ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ¬Im≥ _m≤y-ÿ-m-Wv.
P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ Xocp-am--ßƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ D-tZym-K-ÿ-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°v A¿l-
amb ]cn-K-W--Iƒ ¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. sX‰mb Xocp-am--ßƒ aqew D≠m-Ip∂ IjvSjvS-
ßƒ°v _‘-s∏´ P{]-Xn-n[n°pw DtZym-K-ÿpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øap-≠v, kmº-ØnI _m[y-
X-bp-ap-≠v.
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Adnhpw Ap-`hkºØpw {]tbm-Ps∏-Sp-Øp-I, Ah-cpsS sXmgn¬]-c-
amb Ah-Im-ihpw kzmX-{¥yhpw amn-°p-I.
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ IrXy-ambpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw n¿`-b-ambpw Ahn-lnX CS-s]-S-
ep-Iƒ IqSm-sXbpw n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ Ahsc Ap-h-Zn-°p-I. Ah-cn¬ am{Xw {]-tXyIw n£n-
]vX-amb Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ P-{]Xnn[n-Iƒ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v FXntcm AXo-X-tam, kzP--]-£-]m-X-]-c-tam, Ag-na-Xn°v CSw ¬Ip-∂-
tXm, kXy-Ønv hncp-≤tam, kwip≤ `cW Xm¬∏-cy-Ønv nc-°m-ØtXm Bb {]h¿Ø-
-ß-fn¬ P-{]-Xn-n-[ntbm DtZym-K-ÿtm G¿s∏-Sm≥ ]mSn-√. AXn-mbn ]c-kv]cw kzm[o-
n-°p-hmtm t{]cn-∏n-°p-hmtm ]mSn-√. kzm[on°p-Itbm t{]cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬
hg-ßm≥ ]mSn-√.
]c-kv]cw amy-X ]pe¿Øp-I, ]cp-j-amb `mjbpw BwKyhpw {]hrØn-Ifpw Ccp-Iq-´cpw
]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°p-I.
Hcp DtZymÿtmSv tbmK-Øn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-hm-≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ DØ-c-hm-
ZnØ-tØmsS tbmK-Øn¬ lmP-cmIpI.
DtZym-K-ÿ¿ tbmK-Øn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-{]m-bßƒ N¿®-I-fpsS ann‰vkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
ØpI.
P-{]Xnn[n-I-fp-sSbpw DtZym-K-ÿcpsSbpw s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ Fßnsbmbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v hy‡-am-
b-t√m. F∂m¬ Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Xs‚ Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ hogvN hcp-Øn-bm¬ ]©m-b-Ønv F¥v S-
]SnbmWv kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpI? P--{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ DtZym-K-ÿ-tcmSv tami-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bm¬
F¥p sNøpw?
]©m-b-Øn-te°v ssIam-dn-bn-´p-ff ÿm]--ß-fnse apgp-h≥ DtZym-Kÿcpw ]©m-b-Ønse DtZym-
K-ÿcpw ]©m-b-Øns‚ nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-f-f-h-cm-Wv. ]©m-b-Øns‚ nb-ampkr-X-amb n¿t±-i-
ßƒ ]men-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ _m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv.
25

sk{I-´-dnbpw Kk-‰Uv DtZym-K-ÿcpw Hgn-sI-bp-ff GXv DtZym-K-ÿ-tbpw HutZym-KnI IrXy-
n¿∆-l-W-Øn-¬ hogvN hcp-Øn-bm¬ {]-kn-U‚nv Xs∂ kkvs]‚ v sNømw. kkvs]≥j≥
sXm´SpØp IqSp∂ ]©m-bØv tbmK-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°-Ww.
CXp IqSm-sX, DtZym-K-ÿ¿ (sk-{I-´-dnbpw Kk-‰Uv DtZym-K-ÿcpw Dƒs∏-sS) Ah-cpsS Npa-X-e-
I-fn¬ hogvN hcp-Øn-bm¬ Ahsc tbmK-Øn-te°v hnfn®p hcp-Øp-∂npw imkn-°p-∂-Xnpw ]©m-
b-Ønv A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. tIcfm kn-hn¬ k¿∆okv ¢m n-^n-t°-j≥ I¨t{Smƒ B‚ v A∏o¬ dqƒkv
{]Im-c-ap-ff S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n sk≥jz¿, ss^≥, C≥{In-sa‚ v/DtZym-K-I-b‰w F∂nh Xmev°m-
en-I-ambn XS-™psh-bv°¬ F∂o in-£-Ifpw ]©m-b-Ønv ¬Imw.
ta¬∏d-™-h-sb√mw eLp-in-£-I-fm-Wv. eLp-in-£-Iƒ ¬Imt ]©m-b-Ønv A[n-Im-c-ap-
≈q. IqSnb in£ ¬tI≠ Kpcp-X-c-amb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v in£m S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xv DtZym-K-
ÿs‚ amXr-h-Ip-∏m-Wv. IqSnb in£ ¬tI≠ kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-bm-¬ DtZym-K-ÿs‚ amXrhIp-∏n-
tmSv in£m--S]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]©m-b-Ønv Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
DtZym-K-ÿ-tcmSv P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Iƒ tami-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ Ah¿°v Hmw_p-Uvkvam-n¬ ]cm-
Xn-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hmw_p-Uvkvam≥, ]cmXn ]cn-K-Wn-®-tijw AXn-t∑-ep≈ dnt∏m¿´v DNn-X-amb
S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn k¿°m-cn-v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv.
1
26

{Kma-k-`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw
6
6.1. {Kma-k` F∂m-se¥v?
`c-W-L-S AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ P-ß-fpsS thZn-bmWv {Kma-k-`-/hm¿Uvk-`-. tIcf ]©m-bØv
cmPv nbaw {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Imcm-hIm-i-ßƒ hyhÿ sNøp-∂p. Hcp ]©m-b-
Øns‚ Hmtcm ntbm-PI aWvUehpw Hcp hm¿Uv B-Wv. Hmtcm ntbm-PI aWvU-e-Øn-tebpw
(hm¿Uv) thm´¿ ]´n-I-bn¬ t]cp≈ F√m-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv {Kma-k`.
tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv nb-a-
Ønse hIp∏v 3, 3F, 3_n F∂nh
bYm-{Iaw {Kma-k`-bpsS LS-,
A[n-Im-c-ßƒ, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ
F∂nh hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
6.2.{Kma-k`- saº¿ BcmWv?
]©m-b-Ønse Hcp hm¿Unse
thm´¿ B hm¿Unse {Kma-k`m
saº-dm-Wv. AXm-bXv Hcp
hm¿Unse thm´¿]-´n-I-bn¬
t]cp≈ F√m Bfp-Ifpw B
hm¿Unse {Kma-k`m saº¿am-
cmWv.
6.1. {Kma-k` F∂m-se¥v?
6.2. {Kma-k`- saº¿ BcmWv?
6.3. {Kma-k-`- kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠Xv BcmWv?
6.4. BcmWv {Kma-k` tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y£X hln-t°-≠Xvv?
6.5. {Kma-k` tbmK-ßƒ
6.6. {Kma-k` kwLm-Sw
6.7. {][m AP-≠-Iƒ
6.8. tNmZy-ßƒ, n¿t±-i-ßƒ, {]ta-b-ßƒ
6.9. {Kma-k-` tbmKhpw saº-dpsS Atbm-Ky-Xbpw
6.10. {Kma-k-`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ, Npa-X-e-Iƒ2
27

6.3. {Kma-k-`- kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠Xv BcmWv?
{Kma-k` kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠Xv I¨ho-dm-Wv. hm¿Uv sa-ºdmWv {Kma-k-`bp-sS I¨ho-¿. F∂m¬
Hcp I¨ho-¿°v Xs‚ IS-a-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ kml-Ncyw h∂m¬ Xt±-i-`cW ÿm]-
-Øns‚ A≤y£v, sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp hm¿Unse saºsd B hm¿Unse {Kma-k-`-bpsS I¨ho-
-dmbn Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØm-hp-∂-XmWv.
6.4. BcmWv {Kma-k`mtbmK-Øn¬ A≤y£X hln-t°-≠Xvv?
{Kma-k` tbmK-Øn¬ {Kma-]-©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v BWv A≤y-£X hln-t°-≠-Xv. {]kn-U-‚ns‚
Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ sshkv {]kn-Ut≥m c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ I¨ho-tdm A≤y£X
hln-°-Ww.
6.5. {Kma-k` tbmK-ßƒ1
• Ipd™Xv aq∂p- am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°-se-¶nepw n›-bn-°p∂ ÿeØv {Kma-k`m tbmKw tNcWw.
• Hmtcm {Kma-k` tbmK-Ønepw N¿® sNtø≠ AP-≠, {]kn-U-‚p-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v sk{I-
´dn Xøm-dm-°-Ww.
• tbmK-ßƒ hnfn®v tN¿t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw I¨ho-¿ IqSn-bmb hm¿Uv saº-dn¬ n£n-
]vX-am-Wv.
• {Kma-k-`-bn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-´p≈ apgp-h≥ t]¿°pw tbmK Adn-bn∏v ¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tbmK Adn-
bn-∏n¬ tbmK-ÿ-ew, Xnø-Xn, ka-bw, AP≠ F∂nh D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX {]kvXpX
tbmK-Øn-te°v {Kma-k` Dƒs°m-≈p∂ {]tZ-isØ {]Xn-n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂ tªm°v -˛- Pn√m ]©m-
bØv saº¿am-tcbpw Fw.-F¬.-F, Fw.-]n. F∂n-h-tcbpw I¨ho¿ £Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
• cmhnse 8 pw sshIo´v 6 pw at≤y-bmWv {Kma-k` tbmKw tNtc-≠Xv
• {Kma-k-`-bpsS Izmdw BsI thm´¿am-cpsS 10 iX-amw BWv. F∂m¬ Izmdw XnI-bmsX am‰n
sh®v ho≠pw tNcp-tºmƒ A{]-Im-c-ap≈ tbmK-Øns‚ Izmdw 50 t]cm-Wv.
• Hcp hm¿Unse thm´¿am-cn¬ 10 iX-am--Øn¬ Ipd-bmØ FÆw thm´¿am¿ tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-
s∏-´m¬ {Kma-k-`-bpsS Hcp {]tXyI tbmKw 15 Znh-k-Øn-Iw I¨ho-¿ hnfn®v Iqt´-≠-XmWv.
• {]kn-U‚ v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-X-p-k-cn®v Xt±-i`c-W-ÿm-] Hm^okn-tebpw Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-
-Øns‚ nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ a‰v ÿm]--ß-fn-tebpw GsXmcp DtZymK-ÿ-pw {Kma-k`-bpsS
tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-t°-≠-XmWv
6.6. {Kma-k`m kwLm-Sw
• {Kma-]-©m-bØv Xocp-am-n-°p∂ Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥ {Kma-k`-bpsS tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t-‰-dmbn {]h¿Øn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {Kma-k-`-bpambn _‘-s∏´ F√m {]h¿Ø--ß-fnepw I¨ho-sd tIm˛-Hm¿Un-
t-‰¿ klm-bn-t°-≠-XmWv.
• thm´¿am¿°v ann-‰vkn¬ H∏n-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]I¿∏v Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ann‰vkv, Xocp-am-
-ßƒ F∂nh tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ Npa-Xe tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t-‰¿°m-Wv. ann-‰vkv, Xocp-am--ßƒ,
_‘-s∏´ a‰v tcJ-Iƒ F∂nh tbmK-Øns‚ ]nt‰ Znhkw tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t-‰¿ ]©m-bØv
sk{I-´-dnsb Gev]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
• {Kma-k`m tbmK-Øns‚ ann‰vkpw Xocp-am--ßfpw tbmK-ÿ-eØv sh®v Xs∂ FgpXn ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-t°-≠Xpw Xocp-am--ßƒ tbmKm-h-kmw AwK-ßsf hmbn®v tIƒ∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
1
1995se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv ({Kma-k-`-bpsS tbmKw hnfn®p Iq´p-∂-Xnpw S-Øp-∂-Xn-p-ap≈ S-]Sn) N´-ßƒ
{Kma-k-`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Npa-X-e-Iƒ-1
28
6

• {Kma-k`m S-Øn∏v Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xnv th≠n hm¿Un¬ n∂pw s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿amsc
Is≠Øn Npa-Xe ¬tI≠-Xm-Wv. hnj-bm-h-X-cWw S-Øp-∂-Xnpw {Kq∏v N¿®-Iƒ°v tXrXzw
¬Ip-∂-Xnpw kwLm-S--Ønpw Ch-cpsS tkhw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
• {Kma-kÌƒ°v GsX-¶nepw ]≤-Xntbm Xocp-am-tam s]mXp-hmtbm {]tXy-I-amtbm S-∏m-°p-
∂-Xnmbn AXns klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw AXns‚ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw nd-th‰p-
∂-Xn-te°pambn 10 ¬ Ipd-bmØ AwK-ß-fp≈ Hcp k_vI-Ω‰n cq]o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
{Kma-k`m tbmK-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-ambpw ê-{]-Z-ambpw Nn´-bmbpw S-Øp-∂-Xnv Xmsg ]d-bp∂
Imcy-ßƒ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
• hm¿UvX-e-Øn¬ Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw kwLm-S-I-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn®v {]Nm-c-W˛kwLm-S-- {]h¿Ø-
-ßƒ S-Ø-Ww.
• tbmK-Øns‚ Ggv Znhkw apsº-¶nepw hoSp-I-fn¬ tmókv ¬In H∏n´v hmß-Ww. tmó-
kn¬ Cw Xncn®p≈ AP≠ ImWn-®n-cn-°-Ww.
• km[y-am-Ip∂ F√m coXn-I-fnepw {]-Nm-cWw S-Ø-Ww ˛ kvIzmUv, _m¿, tmó-kv, t]mÃ¿,
kvIqƒ Akwªn, Au¨kvsa‚ v apX-em-b-h.
6.7. {][m AP-≠-Iƒ
• h¿jm-cw`-Øn¬ tNcp∂ BZy- {Kmak-`-bn¬ hm¿jnI IW-°p-Ifpw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw ]©m-b-
Øns‚ `cW dnt∏m¿´pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
• ]≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {Kma-k-`-bn¬ ap≥h¿j ]≤Xn Ah-tem-Iw, t{]mP-IvSp-
I-fpsS hc-hv-˛-sNehv IW-°p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Xøm-dm-°m≥ t]mIp∂ ]≤-Xn-bpsS ^≠v hni-
Zmw-i-ßfpw t{]mPIvSv hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw ¬I-Ww.
• KpW-t`m-‡m-°sf Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-mbn tNcp∂ {Kma-k`-bn¬ KpW-t`m‡r Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-p≈
A¿l-Xm-˛-ap≥K-Wm am-Z-fi-ßfpw At]-£-Isc kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw ¬I-Ww.
• HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ {Kma-k`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNø-Ww.
6.8. tNmZy-ßƒ, n¿t±-i-ßƒ, {]ta-b-ßƒ
• {Kma-k-`bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ tNmZy-ßƒ, n¿t±-i-ßƒ F∂nh tbmK-Ønv aptºm tbmKw
S-°p-tºmtgm FgpXn ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ AwK-ßƒ°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
• {Kma-k-`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏´ GXp {]iv-sØ-°pdn®pw -AXns‚ tbmK-Øn¬ `qcn-
]£ ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ {]tabw ]m m-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. {Kma-k-`-bpsS ip]m¿i-Iƒ°pw n¿t±-
i-ßƒ°pw {Kma, tªm°v, Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ A¿l-amb ]cn-K-W ¬tI≠-Xm-Wv.
6.9. {Kma-k-`m tbmKhpw saº-dpsS Atbm-Ky-Xbpw
{Kma-k-`-bpsS tbmKw aq∂v -am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-∂-Xn¬ aq∂p XhW XpS¿®-bmbn
hogvN- h-cp-Øn-bm¬ B hm¿Uv saº-dpsS ÿmw jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
6.10. {Kma-k-`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ, Npa-X-e-Iƒ2
(i) ]≤Xn Bkq-{X-Ww, n¿∆-lWw, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h
• hnI-k ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-hmpw t{]mP-Iv‰p-I-fpsS ap≥K-W n›bn-
°p-hmpw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
2
1994 se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv BIvSv, A≤ymbw c≠v Ine {]kn-≤o-I-cn® {Kma-k` F∂ ssI]p-kvX-Iw 29

{Kma-k-`bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Npa-X-e-Iƒ-1
30
6
• S-∏m-°p∂ hnI-k--˛-tk-h--˛-t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hmpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hmpw Imcy-
£-aX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hmpw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
(ii) s]mXp kuI-cy-ßfp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h
• sXcphv hnf-°p-Iƒ, s]mXp hm´¿ Sm∏p-Iƒ, s]mXp InW-dp-Iƒ, s]mXp Ipf-ßƒ, s]mXp
kmn-t‰-j≥ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ, s]mXp Pe-tk-N kuI-cy-ßƒ, a‰v s]mXp kuIcy ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
F∂nh FhnsS thW-sa∂v n›-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
(iii) acm-aØv ]WnIfp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h
• {Kma-k`m {]tZ-iØv S-∏m°m-p-t±-in-°p-∂tXm S-∏n-em-°n-btXm Bb n¿ΩmW {]hr-Øn-
I-fpsS FÃn-ta-‰v, km[--km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS IW-°v, sNe-h-gn® XpI-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ F∂nh
Adn-bm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
(iv) KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS A¿l-Xm-]-cn-tim-[-, Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬
• hnI-k--˛-t£a ]≤Xn-Iƒ°p≈ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS A¿lX ]cn-tim-[n®v ap≥K-W n›-
bn-°m-p≈ A[n-Imcw {Kma-k-`-°m-Wv. {Kma-k` n›-bn® ap≥K-W-m-{Iaw {Kma-]-©m-bØv
am‰w hcpØp-hm≥ ]mSn-√.
• hnhn[ s]≥j-p-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-h¿, _n.-]n.-F¬. IpSpw-_-ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿, B{ib
KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, s]mXphnX-cW kwhn-[m--Øn¬ {]tXyI Bp-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-h¿,
hnhn[ hnI-k ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿ Bscm-s°-bm-
sW∂dn-bm≥ {Kma-k-`°v Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. AXp-sIm-≠v, C{]-Imcw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´v Bp-Iq-
ey-ßƒ ssI∏-‰p-∂-h-cpsS enÃv F√m h¿jhpw {Kma-k-`-bn¬ hbvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.
(v) DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-tSbpw ÿm]--ß-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Øw kw_-‘n®v
• DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-tSbpw ÿm]--ß-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Øw ]cn-tim-[n-°mpw hne-bn-cp-Ømpw
n¿t±iw ¬Impw {Kma-k-`bv°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
(vi) hc-hv-˛-sN-ehv IW°v kw_-‘n®v
• _P‰v hnh-c-ßƒ, ^≠p-I-fpsS Cw Xncn-®p≈ hc-hv-˛-sN-ehv hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ, t{]mP-Iv‰p-I-fpsS
sNehv IW-°p-Iƒ, `c-W-s®-e-hp-Iƒ F∂nh Adn-bm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
• HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ {Kma-k-`-bn¬/hm¿Uvk-
`-bn¬ hbvt°-≠Xpw N¿® sNtø-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
(vii)tkmjy¬ HmUn‰v
• Xt±-i-`cW ÿm]--Øns‚ {]h¿Ø--ßƒ tkmjy¬ HmUn‰v sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-mbn
tkmjy¬ HmUn‰v Soans {Kma-k-`°v ntbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(viii){Kma-k`m Xocp-am--ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h
• {Kma-k`/hm¿Uvk` Xocp-am--ß-fn¬ Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]w FSpØ XpS¿ S-]-Sn-Iƒ Adn-bm-
-pw, S-∏m-°n-bn´ns√-¶n¬ AXns‚ ImcWw Adn-bmpw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

DtZym-K-ÿ- kwhn-[m-hpw
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw
7
7.1. DtZymKÿ kwhn-[mw
]©m-b-Øv, AXnv n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw nd-th-‰p-∂-Xv AXns‚
ÿm]--˛-D-tZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m--Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. Hcp {]mtZ-inI k¿°m¿ F∂ ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ ]©m-b-Øns‚ tI{µ Hmô-kmbn ]©m-bØv Hmôkpw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´
{]h¿Ø--ßƒ°mbn LSI ÿm]--ßfpw {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. ]©m-bØv Hmôkv Poh--°m¿ am{X-
a-√, ]©m-bØv cmPv BIvSns‚ 181˛mw hIp∏v (4)˛mw D]hIp∏v {]Imcw LSI ÿm]--ß-fnse
DtZym-K-ÿcpw Poh--°mcpw Ah¿ ]©m-b-Øns‚ DtZym-K-ÿtcm Poh--°mtcm Bbn-cp-∂m-se-∂-
t]mse ]©m-bØv Ah¿°v F¬∏n®p sImSp-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. am{X-a√
LSI ÿm]--ß-fp-sSbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw ]q¿Æ nb-{¥-Whpw ta¬ tm´hpw AXXv ]©m-
b-Øp-I-fn¬ n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v 181˛mw D]hIp-∏n¬ ]d-™n-´pap≠v.
7.1. DtZymKÿ kwhn-[mw
7.2. DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ
7.3. sk{I-´dnbpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ, Npa-X-e-Iƒ
7.3.1. tbmK-Xo-cp-am--ßƒ, Xo-cp-am--ßƒ S-∏m-°¬
7.3.2. sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
7.3.3. Npa-X-e-Iƒ G¬∏n-°¬
7.3.3.1. Pqn-b¿ kq{]≠v/slUv ¢¿°v
7.3.3.2. A°u-≠‚ v
7.3.3.3. kon-b¿ ¢¿°p-am¿
7.3.3.4. ¢¿°p-am¿
7.3.3.5. Akn-Ã‚ v sk{I-´dn
7.4. ]©m-bØv Hmôkv Poh--°m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb Npa-X-e-Iƒ
7.5. DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ta¬ nb-{¥Ww
31

7.2. DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ
1994˛se ]©m-b-Øv-cmPv nb-ahpw ]©m-b-Øp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰v nb-a-ßfpw Ap-k-cn®v ]©m-
b-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv `c-W-k-anXn, Ãnb-dnßv IΩn‰n, Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, {]kn-U‚ v, sk{I-´dn LSI ÿm] ta[m-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cmWv. CXn¬ sk{I-´-dn, ÿm]-
-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ Hgn-sI-bp≈ a‰v Poh--°m¿°v k¿°m¿ {]tXyIn®v tcn´v A[n-Im-c-ßƒ
H∂pw Xs∂- ¬In-bn-ń-√. Poh--°m¿ F√mw- sk{I-´-dn-bpsS/AXmXv ÿm] ta[m-hn-I-fpsS/
{]kn-U-‚n-s‚ nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-b-Xn-m¬ ]©m-bØv {]kn-U-‚nepw sk{I-´-dn-bnepw ÿm]--ta-[m-
hn-Ifpw n£n-]vX-amb Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xnv ]©m-bØv sk{I-´dn/ÿm] ta[mhn Gev]n-
°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂-XmWv Poh--°m-cpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øw. ÿm]--ta-[m-hn-Iƒ,
Ah-cpsS km[m-cW Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v ]pdsa ]©m-bØv Ah¿°v Fev]n®p sImSp-°p∂ Npa-XeIƒ
IqSn n¿∆-ln-°m≥ _m[y-ÿcmWv. ]©m-bØv cmPv BIv‰nse 179 apX¬ 185 hsc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-I-
fn¬ DtZym-K-ÿsc kw_-‘n-®p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
7.3. sk{I-´dnbpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ, Npa-X-e-Iƒ1
]©m-b-Øns‚ Imcyn¿∆-lW DtZym-K-ÿ-mWv sk{I-´dn. BIv‰nse 240-˛mw hIp∏v Ap-k-cn®v
]©m-b-Øn¬ n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ F√m tmó-kp-I-fnepw DØ-c-hp-I-fnepw sk{I´dn H∏v sh®ncn-
°Ww. ]©m-b-Øns‚ Ap-aXn Bh-iy-amb hnj-b-ßƒ ]©m-bØp tbmK-Øn¬ h®v N¿® sNbvXv
Xocp-amw FSpØpw, {]kn-U-‚ns‚ Ap-aXn Bh-iy-amb hnj-b-ßƒ°v {]kn-U‚n¬n∂v DØ-
chv hmßnbpw, sk{I-´-dn-bn¬ n£n-]vX-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ kzbw DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®pw sk{I-´dn
`cW Npa-X-e-Iƒ nd-th-‰Ww. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-X-e-I-fm-Wv.
7.3.1. tbmK-Xo-cp-am--ßƒ, Xo-cp-am--ßƒ S-∏m-°¬
]©m-b-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-bv°v hcp∂ GsXmcp kwK-Xn-bnepw AP-≠-bnse Hmtcm C-Ønpw
sk{I-´-dn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw ^b-en¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn ]©m-bØp apºmsI shbvt°-≠-XmWv2
. sk{I-
´-dn°v ]©m-b-Øn-t‚bpw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tbmK-ß-fn¬ D]-tZiIs∂ ne-bn¬ N¿®bn¬
]s¶-Sp-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. ]©m-b-Øns‚ Xocp-am--ßƒ nb-am-p-kr-X-am-°p-∂-Xnpw nb-am-p-kcWw
S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-pap≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw sk{I-´-dn-°mWv. ]©m-b-Øns‚ Xocpam-ßƒ S-∏m-°p-∂Xp
1
]©m-bØv cmPv BIvSv, hIp∏v 182.
2
tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (n-b-am-p-kr-X-a-√mØ {]ta-b-ß-fn-t∑¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ S-]-Sn-{I-aw) N´-ßƒ.
{Kma-]-©m-bØv
k¿°m¿ ss{]adn
kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿,
Poh--°m¿
]©m-bØv Hmôkv
DtZym-K-ÿ¿
^nj-dokv k_v
C≥kvs]-IvS¿
k¿°m¿ _me-hmSn/
{]oss{]-adn kvIqƒ
Poh--°m¿
A¶-W-hmSn
Poh--°m¿
Irjn-`-h≥
DtZym-K-ÿ¿
arKm-ip-]{Xn DtZym-K-
ÿ¿
BtcmKy ÿm]--ß-
fnse DtZym-K-ÿ¿
hn.-C.-H.
sF.-kn.-Un.-F-kv.
kq∏¿ssh-k¿
t_mIvkv 3 : DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[mw
1
32
7
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw

kw_-‘n®p≈ GsX-¶nepw {]iv-Øn-t∑tem `n∂m-`n{]mb Ipdn-∏n-t∑tem k¿°m-cns‚tbm, k¿°m¿
A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb DtZym-K-ÿs‚tbm Xocp-amw D≠m-tI≠ ]£w BbXv sk{I-´dn Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´v
klnXw k¿°m-cns‚tbm A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb DtZym-K-ÿ-s‚tbm {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-XmWv.
(1995 se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (]-©m-b-Øns‚ tbmK S-]-Sn-{I-aw ˛ N´w 29 D]-N´w 2).
7.3.2. sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
• ]©m-b-Øv Hmô-knse DtZym-K-ÿ-tcbpw Poh--°m-tcbpw {]kn-U-‚ns‚ s]mXp-ta¬tm´-
Ønpw nb-{¥-W-Ønpw hnt[-b-ambn nb-{¥n-°pI. DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-
Øßfpw n›-bn®v Hm-ôkv Hm¿U¿ evIpI.
• {]kn-U‚ v Gev]n®p sImSp-°p∂ nb-am-p-krX sNe-hp-Iƒ sNøpI.
• ]©m-bØp ^≠ns‚bpw `c-W-]-c-amb F√m tcJ-I-fp-tSbpw kq£n∏v ({Km-a-k-`-mtc-J-Iƒ
AS-°w)
• ]©m-bØv A[n-Ir-X-am-°nb F√mhn[ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p≈ XpI-Iƒ sN°mtbm ]W-amtbm
¬IpI.
• hchv˛sNehv IW-°p-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n kq£n-°pI. {]Xn-amk A°u-≠p-Iƒ [-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv
IΩn-‰n°v ka¿∏n-°pI.
• ]©m-bØv Hmôkv Poh--°m-cpsSta¬ in£W S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn°pI. Ah-[n-Iƒ Ap-h-
Zn-°pI. lmP¿ Dd-∏m-°pI.
• ]©m-b-Ønse hm¿jnI A°u≠pw Bp-h¬ ^nm¬jy¬ tÃ‰p-sa‚pw HmUn‰v DtZym-K-
ÿ¿°v Pqembv 31 Iw Ab®v evIpI. (hogvN hcp-Øp∂ ]£w tem°¬ ^≠v Hm-Un‰v
BIv‰nse 9˛-mw hIp∏v Ap-k-cn®v tem°¬ ^≠v hIp-∏nv sk{I-´-dn-bpsS t]cn¬ 3000 cq]
hsc Ip‰-ÿm-]--Øn-t∑¬ (tImSXn apJm-¥ncw) ]ng Npa-Øp-∂-Xn-p≈ S-]Sn kzoI-cn°mw).
• ]©m-b-Øns‚ nb-{¥-W-Øn≥ Iogn-ep≈ ÿm]--ß-fpsS A°u-≠p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Itbm,
]cn-tim-[n-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøpI.
• hm¿jn-I-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw Xøm-dm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø--ßƒ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬
ka-z-bn-∏n®v n›nX ka-b-Øn-Iw Pn√m Bkq-{XW kan-Xn°v ka¿∏n-°pI. AwKoImcw
e`n-°p-∂-X-p-k-cn®v XpS¿ S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.
• ]©m-b-Øns‚ ap≥h¿jsØ `c-W-dn-t∏m¿´v sk]vXw-_¿ 30Iw ]©m-b-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-
Ønv evIpI.
• sIń-S-ßƒ°v º¿ evIpI, nIpXn n¿Æ-bn-°pI.
• F√mhn[ Unam‚ v kwJy-Ifpw CuSm-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI. Npa-Øm-Xn-cp-∂Xpw/
hn´p-t]m-b-Xp-amb nIpXn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n 4 h¿jsØ ap≥{]m-_-ey-tØmsS NpaØn CuSm-°pI
(h.243)
• P--˛a-cW cPn-kvt{S-j≥ nbaw Ap-k-cn®v P-hpw acWhpw cPn-Ã¿ sNøpI (kzX{¥
Npa-Xe)
• lnµp- hnhml BIv‰v Ap-k-cn®pw tIcf hnhml N´-ßƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNø¬ (s]m-Xp) N´-ßƒ
Apk-cn-®p-ap≈ hnhm-l-ßƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNøpI. (kzX{¥ Npa-Xe)
33

• Iim-∏p-im-e-Iƒ, Cd-®n-I-S-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°p≈ ssek≥kpIƒ, ]n]n.B¿. BIvSv Ap-k-cn-
®p≈ ssek≥kp-Iƒ, knn-am-im-e-Iƒ°p≈ ssek≥kp-Iƒ F∂nh nb-am-p-k-cWw
¬°pI.
• A]m-b-I-chpw Ak-ly-hp-amb hym]m-c-ßƒ°pw ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ°pw ssek≥kv Ap-h-Zn-°pI
(tamt´m-dp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ 5 H.P hsc ]©m-bØp IΩn‰nbpsS s]¿an-j≥ Bh-iy-
an√. 5 H.Pbn¬ IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xnv ]©m-bØv IΩn‰n Ap-hmZw evIn-bn-cn-°Ww. s]meypj≥
I¨t{Smƒ t_m¿Uns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ ÿm]--ßƒ°v I¨k‚ v Sp Hm-∏-td‰v k¿ń-^n-
°‰p IqSn Bh-iy-amWv. nIp-Xn-Itfm ôtkm IpSn-»nI D≈-h¿°v ssek≥kv evIm≥ ]mSn√.
(h. 236)). ssek≥kv IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]--ßƒs°-Xnsc 236 (5) Ap-k-cn®v ]ng
Npa-ØpI, S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI; ^mIvSdn, h¿°vtjm∏v, h¿°vkv sπbnkv F∂n-h-bn¬ n∂p≈
iey-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xnv S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°pI.
• sIń-S-ßƒ n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xnv N´-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn Ap-hmZw evIpI.
• nba ewL S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ Ip‰-°m-cpsS At]-£-{]-Imcw {]kn-U‚ns‚ Ap-a-Xn-tbmsS Xo¿∏m-
°p-I.
• ]©m-b-Øn-p-th≠n {]kn-U-‚ns‚ Ap-a-Xn-tbmsS Icm¿ DS-º-Sn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-SpI.
• t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ Bh-iy-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ tImSXn apºmsI tIkv ^b¬ sNøpI. tIkv ^b¬
sNøp-∂-Xnv a‰v DtZym-K-ÿsc A[n-Im-c-s∏-SpØmw. (h. 245)
• kzImcy Bip-]{Xn, ]mc-msa-Un-°¬ ÿm]--ßƒ F∂n-hbpsS cPn-kvt{S-j≥ S-ØpI. (h. 269)
• Syqt´m-dn-b¬ ÿm]--ß-fpsS cPn-kvt{S-j≥ S-ØpI (h. 265)
••••• FtÃ‰v Hm-ô-k¿ F∂ nebv°v ]©m-bØv sIń-Sßƒ A-[n-Ir-X-ambn ssIhiw sh®v
hcp∂hsc Hgnhm-°pI.
••••• ]∂n-Itfbpw ]ń-Itfbpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xnv ssek≥kv evIpI (sh‰dn-dn k¿Ps‚ {]Xn-
tcm[ IpØn sh∏v k¿ń-^n-°‰v Bh-iy-amWv)
••••• X]m-ep-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v n¿t±-i-ßƒ evIpI. sk{I-´-dn°v {]tXy-I-a-√mØ F√m X]m-ep-
Ifpw {]kn-U-‚npw IqSn ¬IpI.
••••• tbmK-Xo-cp-am--ßƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ Imcy-ßƒ AXm-Xp k-abw AP≠ cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿°pI.
AP≠ {]kn-U-‚pambn Btem-Nn®v Xøm-dm-°pI. AP≠ kw_-‘n®v AwKßƒ°v Ipdn∏v
evIpI.
••••• tbmK-Xo-cp-am--ßƒ X’-abw Xs∂ Xocp-am cPn-Ã-dn¬ Fgp-Xn-tN¿Øv H∏p shbv°pI ({]kn-
U‚pw H∏v sh®n-cn-°Ww). ]I¿∏v tmókv t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°pI. Xocp-am--ß-fpsS ]I¿∏v
48 aW-°q-dn-Iw F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw ¬IpI.
••••• ann‰vkv ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tbmK--S-]-Sn-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnv tbmKw Ign™v aq∂v Znh-k-Øn-
Iw IcSv Xøm-dm°n {]kn-U‚nv evIp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn®v Ign-™m¬ ann‰vkv _p°n¬
tN¿°p-Ibpw sNøpI. (ann‰vkns‚ IcSv Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-
{]m-b-ßƒIqSn tcJ-s∏-SpØWw).
••••• ]©m-b-Øp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ AwK-ßƒ lmP-cm-ImØXp-aqew D≠m-Ip∂ Atbm-Ky-X- Ahsc
DS≥Xs∂ tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw ASpØ ]©m-bØv tbmK-Øn¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-Ibpw
sNøp-I.
1
34
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw7

••••• AwK-ß-fpsS cmPn-aq-ehpw A√m-sXbpw D≠m-Ip∂ Hgn-hp-Iƒ Hcm-gvN-bv°Iw Ce-£≥ IΩo-
js Adn-bn-°pI.
••••• {]kn-U‚ v/sshkv {]kn-U‚ v/sNb¿am≥am¿/AwK-ßƒ F∂nh-cpsS cmPn kzo-I-cn-°pI (h.
155). Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n AwK-ß-fpsS cmPn {]kn-U-‚n-tbpw ]©m-b-Øn-tbpw Adn-bn-°pI.
••••• sXcp-hp-I-fn-tebv°pw, tdmUn-tebv°pw Xqßn-In-S-°p-∂- XS- -ßƒ, hoWpInS-°p∂ ac-ßƒ
F∂n-h -o°w sNøpI.
••••• {Kma-k-`m- Imcy]cn-]mSn {]kn-U-‚p-ambn Btem-Nn®v Xømdm°pI (N´w 5). h¿jm-cw-`-Ønse
BZy {Kma-k-`-bn¬ ap≥ h¿jsØ IW-°p-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI. tªm°v ]©m-bØnpw, Pn√m
]©m-b-Ønpw {Kma-k`m n¿t±-i-ßƒ HcmgvNbv°Iw Ab®p evIpI. KpW-t`m-‡r-k-an-Xn-
Iƒ hnfn®pIq´pI.
••••• hnhn[ t£a s]≥j-p-Iƒ°p≈ At]-£-Iƒ kzoI-cn°pI. sXmgn-en-√mbvam thX--Øn-p≈
At]-£-I-fn¬ AtzjWw SØn t£a-Imcy Ãm‚nwKv IΩ-‰n°v ka¿∏n-°pI.
••••• s{]mIyq¿sa‚ v am¿§-tcJ Ap-k-cn®v C‚‚ v Xøm-dm°n nb-am-p-k-cWw ]¿tNbvkv S-ØpI
(KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°Ww)
••••• `cW n¿∆-l-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v GsX-¶nepw Bfns kw_-‘nt®m, hkvXp-h-I-Isf kw_-
‘nt®m ]©m-bØv Xocp-am--{]-Imcw hnt√Pv H-m-ô- -dn¬ n∂pw hnh-c-ßƒ Bhiy-s∏-SpI.
••••• ^b-ep-Itfm, dn°m¿Up-Itfm, {]kn-U-‚ntm, sNb¿am≥am¿t°m evIp-tºmƒ cPn-Ã-dn¬
tN¿Øv ssI∏-‰n-b-Xmbn Dd-∏m-°pI (h. 156(6)kn)
••••• Hm-Un‰v tmókv _‘s∏´ n¿∆ltWmtZymKÿsc bYmkabw Adnbn°p∂Xnpw Hm-Un‰v
dnt∏m¿ńse XS- ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xnpw jv´ßƒ CuSm-°p-∂-Xnpw S-]SnIƒ kzoI-cn-
°pI.
••••• Jc-am-en-y-ßƒ o°w sNø¬, s]mXp-kz-Øp-°-fpsS kwc-£Ww, Itø-‰-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°¬
F∂n-hbv°v S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°pI. (BIv‰v Ap-k-cn®v sk{I-´-dn-bn¬ n£n-]vX-amb Npa-X-e-
Iƒ nd-th-‰p-∂-Xnv th≠n _‘-s∏´ ÿe-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xnv hIp∏v 236 (10), 241
F∂n-hbpw N´-ßfpw A[n-Imcw evIp∂p).
••••• ]©m-bØv Xocp-am--{]-Imcw kzIm-cy -h≠nØmh-f-ßƒ, ss{]h‰v kzmImcy am¿°‰v F∂n-h-
bv°p≈ ssek≥kpw hntm-Z-n-IpXn BIv‰v Ap-k-cn-®p≈ s]¿an‰pw evIpI.
••••• t]meokv Hm-ô- -dpsS dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ AmY t{]X-ßƒ adhp sNøp-∂-Xnv
S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.
••••• {]kn-U-‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-Xe-Iƒ a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v ssIam-dm-
hp-∂-XmWv.
••••• sk{I-´-dn-bn¬ nb-am-p-k-cWw {]tXyIw Gev]n-°m-ØXpw ]©m-bØv `c-W-Ønv Bh-iy-am-
bXpw Bb Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚ ]°¬n∂pw ^b-ep-I-fn¬ tcJm-aqew DØ-chv hmßn-
°msX S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√.
••••• Ce-£≥ IΩo-j≥, Hmw-_p-Uvkvam≥, ss{S_q-W¬ XpSßn a‰v A[n-Im-c-ÿm--ß-fn¬ n∂p≈
DØ-c-hp-Ifpw n¿t±-ißfpw S-∏m-°pI.
••••• ]©m-b-Øw-K-ß-fpsS cmjv{Sob I£n-_‘w ImWn-°p∂ cPn-Ã¿, kXy-{]-Xn⁄m cPn-Ã¿
F∂nh kz¥w IÃ-Un-bn¬ FgpXn kq£n-°pI.
••••• Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n Xocp-am--ßƒ ]©m-bØv tbmK-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-I.
35

7.3.3. Npa-X-e-Iƒ G¬∏n-°¬
Xmsg sImSpØ coXn-bn¬ Poh--°m¿°v Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gev]n®p sImSp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
7.3.3.1. Pqn-b¿ kq{]≠v/slUv ¢¿°v
••••• Hm-ô-kn-te°v hcp∂ F√m X]m-ep-Ifpw sk{I-´-dn°v evIn _‘-s∏´ sk£-p-I-fnse hnX-
cW cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øp ¬IpI.
••••• Hm-ôkv DØ-c-hp-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn Poh--°m¿°v AXmXp kabw Bh-iy-amb n¿t±-i-
ßƒ evIpI.
••••• sk£-p-I-fn¬n∂pw sk{I-´-dn-bpsS DØ-c-hn-mbn ka¿∏n°p∂ ^b-ep-Ifpw _n√p-Ifpw hu®-
dp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n®v nb-am-p-kr-X-am-sW∂v Dd∏phcpØn Co-jy¬ hbv°pI.
••••• F√m Znh-khpw Iymjv_p°v ]cn-tim-[n®v ]Ww CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ IrXy-am-sW∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-
Ibpw Co-jy¬ sh®v H∏v shbv°p-∂-Xnv sk{I-´-dn°p ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• {]am-W-ßƒ, hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ tcJ-Iƒ, cioXn ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tÃm°v cPn-Ã¿, C≥sh-Ãvsa‚ v
k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ, t_m≠pIƒ F∂n-hbpw Iymjv sNÃns‚ Hcp `mKw Xmt°mepw kq£n-
°pI.
••••• Hm-ô-knse If-£-p-Ifpw, {Sjdn/t]mÃm-ôkv/_m¶v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ n∂pw ]n≥h-en-°p∂
]Whpw bYm-k-abw bYmÿ-e-ß-fn¬ AS-hm-°p-∂-Xmbpw _‘-s∏-´-h¿°v evIn-bXmbpw
Dd∏v hcp-ØpI.
••••• _P‰v, hm¿jnI kmº-ØnI tÃ‰p-sa‚ v, `c-W-dn-t∏m¿´v F∂nh bYm-k-abw Xøm-dm°n _‘-
s∏-´-h¿°v evIpI.
••••• nIp-Xn-Ifpw ôkp-Ifpw bYm-k-abw ]ncn-sh-Sp-°p-∂-Xnv Poh--°m¿°v Bh-iy-amb n¿t±-i-
ßƒ evIpI.
••••• ]©m-b-Ønv e`n-t°≠ nIp-Xn-I-fpw ôkp-Ifpw IpSn-»nI hcp-Øp-∂-h-cpsS t]cn¬ dhyp
dn°-hdn, t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xnv Poh--°m¿°v n¿t±iw evIpI.
••••• ]≤Xn, ]≤XntbXc ^≠p-Iƒ, ]©m-
bØns‚ An-hmcy Npa-X-e-Iƒ F∂n-
hbv°v Bh-iy-amb kwJy-Iƒ bYm-k-
abw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°m≥ Poh--°m¿°v n¿t±iw
evIpI.
••••• ssIam-dnb ÿm]--ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø--
hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Atem-´p-sa‚p-Iƒ
bYm-k-abw ¬Ip-∂-Xnv S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°pI. sNe-hp-Iƒ nb-am-p-kr-
X-am-sW∂v Dd∏phcpØpI.
••••• sk{I-´-dn-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ ssZw-Zn
{]h¿Ø--hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Id‚ v
Uyqókv n¿∆-ln-°pI.
1
36

••••• ¢¿°p-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ cPn-Ã-dp-Iƒ IrXy-ambn ]cn-tim[n®v dnt∏m¿´v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sk{I-´-
dn°v dnam¿Ivkv AS°w ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• P--˛-a-cW k_v cPn-kv{Sm¿ F∂ ne-bn-ep≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-°p-I.
••••• HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ bYm-k-abw S-]Sn ssIsIm-≈pI
••••• IqSmsX {]kn-U‚pw sk{I-´-dnbpw AXm-Xp-k-abw ¬Ip∂ n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Npa-
X-e-Iƒ nd-th-‰p-Ibpw sNøpI.
7.3.3.2. A°u-≠‚ v3
••••• Id‚ v Nm¿÷v, hm´¿ Nm¿÷v, tem¨ Xncn-®-S-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-ßƒ°v skIvj-p-I-
fn¬ n∂pw Xøm-dm°n e`n-°p∂ _n¬ {]Imcw ]Ww ]n≥h-en®v _‘-s∏´ ÿe-ß-fn¬ AS-
hm-°pI.
••••• F√m _n√p-Ifpw _n¬ cPnÃ-dn¬ tN¿Øv hu®¿ º¿ evIn kq£n-°pI.
••••• sN°v _p°p-Iƒ, ]m v _p°p-Iƒ, Nem-p-Iƒ, D]-tbm-Kn®p Ign™ sN°p-I-fpsS Iu≠¿
t^mbn-ep-Iƒ F∂nh kq£n°pI.
••••• 2011˛se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (A-°u-≠v) N´-ßƒ {]Imcw kq£n-t°≠ tcJ-Ifpw cPn-Ã-
dp-Ifpw FgpXn kq£n-°pI.
••••• Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈ {]Xn-amk A°u≠v Xøm-dm°n sk{I-´-dn°v ka¿∏n-
°pI.
••••• Hm-^okv Hm¿U¿ Ap-k-cn®v t]gvk-W¬ cPn-Ã¿ FgpXn ^b-ep-Ifpw dn°m¿Up-Ifpw M.O.P
{]Imcw kq£n-°pI. ta¬]-d™ tPmen-Iƒ IqSmsX sk{I-´-dnbpw {]kn-U‚pw AXmXp kabw
Gev]n-°p∂ tPmen-Ifpw n¿∆-ln-°pI.
7.3.3.3. kon-b¿ ¢¿°p-am¿
••••• hnhn[ Im‰-K-dn-I-fn¬ ]©m-b-Ønv e`n-°p∂ ^≠p-Iƒ _‘-s∏´ cPn-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ tN¿°pI.
••••• hnhn[ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v ]Ww evtI≠n hcp∂ kµ¿`-ßfn¬ A-Xns‚ tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v
nb-am-p-kr-X-amsW∂v Dd∏p hcpØn _n¬ Xøm-dm°n ^b¬ klnXw A°u-≠‚nv ssIam-
dpI. AXv kw_-‘n-®p≈ cPn-Ã-dpIfpw ^b-ep-Ifpw FgpXn kq£n-°pI.
••••• hnX-cW cPn-Ã¿ hgn e`n-°p∂ F√m X]m-ep-Ifpw t]gvkW¬ cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øv S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw t]gvk-W¬ cPn-Ã¿ FgpXn kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• k¿°m-cn-tebv°pw a‰p hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn-tebv°pw evtI≠- kwJy-Iƒ°v bYm-k-abw _n¬
Xøm-dm°n A°u-≠‚nv evIpI.
••••• nIp-Xn-I-sfbpw ^okp-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ dnhn-j≥ s]‰o-j-p-Iƒ, A∏o-ep-Iƒ F∂nh
_‘-s∏´ cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øv kq£n-°p-Ibpw S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• Pn.H. (]n) º¿ 177/2006/^n≥, XnøXn 12.04.2006 DØ-chv Ap-k-cn-®p≈ (_n¬ knÃw) cPn-Ã-
dp-Ifpw ^b-ep-Ifpw FgpXn kq£n-°pIbpw sNe-hp-Iƒ°v _n¬ Xøm-dm°n A°u-≠nßv
sk£-n-tebv°v ssIamdpIbpw sNøp-I.
••••• Hm-Un‰v dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ H-_vP-£≥kv, Unkv Ae-h≥kv F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ S-
]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.
3
A°u-≠‚p-am-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw n›-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ 1.8.2009 se k.-D. (Fw.-F-kv.)50/2009/Xkz`h
º¿.
37

••••• hnhn[ s]≥j-p-Iƒ, sXmgn-en-√mbvamthXw XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS At]-£-Ifpw ^b-ep-Ifpw
ssIImcyw sNøpIbpw ]Ww e`y-am-Ip∂ apdbv°v _‘-s∏´ cPn-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ tN¿Øv evIp-
Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• _P‰dn I¨t{Smƒ ]men®v F√m-hn[ πm≥, tm¨πm≥ {]hrØn-I-fpsSbpw sNe-hp-Iƒ kw_-
‘n® ^b-ep-Ifpw cPnÃ-dp-Ifpw FgpXn kq£n-°p-Ibpw nb-am-p-k-cWw _n¬ Xøm-dm°n
A°u-≠‚nv ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ah-km-n® ^b-ep-I-fn¬ DØ-chv hmßn- t¢mkv sNbvXv sdt°m¿Un-tebv°v
ssIam‰w sNøpI/`{Z-ambn kq£n-°pI. IqSmsX sk{I-´-dnbpw {]kn-U‚pw AXmXp kabw
evIp∂ a‰p Npa-X-e-Iƒ n¿∆-ln-°p-I.
7.3.3.4. ¢¿°p-am¿
••••• nIp-Xn-Ifpw ôkp-Ifpw kw_-‘n®v A -kvsa‚ v, Unam‚ v XpS-ßnb F√m-hn[ cPn-Ã-dp-Ifpw
^b-ep-Ifpw FgpXn kq£n°p-Ibpw hc-hp-Iƒ cPn-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.
••••• nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I¿°v nIpXn AS-bv°p-∂-Xnv Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p≈ dnt´-Wp-Iƒ Unam‚ v tmó-
kp-Iƒ, _n√p-Iƒ F∂nh FgpXn Xøm-dm°n bYm-k-abw Ab-bv°pI.
••••• nIp-Xn-Ifpw ôkp-Ifpw IpSn-»n-I h-cp-Øp∂hcpsS t]cn¬ t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥, dh-yp-dn-°-hdn
S-]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xnv sk{I-´-dn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-ØpI; S]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°pI.
••••• nIp-Xn-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-t°≠ (n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fn¬ hcp-Øp∂ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv) sIń-S-
ß-fp-sSbpw, sXmgn¬ nIpXn, ssek≥kv F∂n-hbv°v _m≤y-X-cm-b-h-cp-tSbpw hnhcw tiJ
cn®v nIpXn NpaØn CuSm-°p-∂-Xn-p≈ S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI. At]-£-I-fn¬ Atz-jWw
SØn dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ evIpI. A-[n-IrX n¿Ωm-W-ß-ƒ bYm-k-abw dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-I.
••••• hntmZ nIpXn ]cn-tim-[ S-ØpI.
••••• Hm-ôkv Hm¿U¿ Ap-k-cn®v sk£-p-I-fn-te°v e`n-°p∂ X]m-ep-Iƒ t]gvk-W¬ cPn-Ã-dn¬
tN¿Øv S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI. S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ apdbv°v ^b¬ Xo¿∏m°n `{Z-
ambn n›n-X-Imew hsc kq£n-°pI.
••••• n›-bn-®- Xo-b-Xnbn¬ t]gvk-W¬ cPn-Ã¿
]cn-tim-[--bv°mbn kq{]≠v/slUv
¢¿°nv ka¿∏n-°pI.
••••• IqSmsX {]kn-U‚pw, sk{I-´-dnbpw AXmXp
kabw evIp∂ n¿t±-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-
Ifpw n¿∆-ln-°p-I.
7.3.3.5. Akn-Ã‚ v sk{I-´dn
kwÿm-sØ kmº-ØnI ne sa®-s∏´
864 {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ 7.2.2013 apX¬ Akn-
Ã‚ v sk{I-´dn XkvXnI krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. Akn-
Ã‚ v sk{I-´-dn-am-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-
Øßfpw n›-bn-®p-sIm≠v 10.6.2013 v k.-D.
(Fw.-F-kv)218/2013/Xkz`h º¿ Bbn
k¿°m¿ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p-≠v.
1
38

7.4. ]©m-bØv Hmôkv Poh--°m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb Npa-X-e-Iƒ
]©m-bØv Hmô-kn¬ Ap-h-Zn-°-s∏´ XkvXnIIƒ°v skIvj≥-º¿ evIn sk{I´dn Hcp
Hm-ôkv Hm¿U¿ hgn Hm-ôkv tPmen-Iƒ hn`-Pn®v ¬Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sSbmWv Hmtcm Poh--°mcnepw
Ah-cpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw h∂p tNcp-∂Xv. Cu Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw
]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn nd-th-‰p-hm≥ AXmXp skIvj≥ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h¿ _m≤y-ÿ-cm-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xpw hogvN h∂m¬ A-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ n£n]vXam-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xp-amWv. Hm-ôkv DØ-chv hgn Gev]n-®n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ah-cpsS ^b-
ep-I-fn¬ tcJm-aqew {]kn-U-‚n¬ nt∂m sk{I-´-dn-bn¬nt∂m DØ-c-hp-Iƒ hmßn-®n-cn-t°-≠Xpw
Hm-Un‰p DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ apdbv°v ImWn®p sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-amWv. GsX-¶nepw
Hcp DtZym-K-ÿv ÿew am‰w, eohv F∂nh kw`-hn-°p∂ kµ¿`ß-fn¬ At±lw ssIImcyw
sNbvXp h∂n-cp∂ ^b-ep-Ifpw dn°m¿Up-Ifpw enÃp Xøm-dm°n Hm-ôkv DØ-chv {]Imcw as‰mcp
DtZym-K-ÿs Gev]n-t°-≠-Xp-amWv.
7.5. DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ta¬ nb-{¥Ww4
1997 ˛ se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (D-tZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ta¬ nb-{¥-Ww) N´-ßfn¬ ]©m-b-Ønv
DtZym-K-ÿ≥am-cpsS (]-©m-bØv Hmôkv DtZym-K-ÿcpw LS-I-ÿm-]--ß-fnse DtZym-K-ÿ-cpw)
taep≈ nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AX-p-k-cn®v ]©m-bØnv DtZym-K-ÿ-
cpsS ta¬ Xmsg∏-d-bp∂ nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≠v.
• DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ta¬ eLp-in-£-Iƒ NpaØmw
• kkvs]≥j≥ S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn°mw
• sk{I´dn-bpsS tIm¨^n-U≥jy¬ dnt∏m¿´v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ {]kn-U‚ v Xøm-dm°n nb-am-
[n-Im-cn°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.
• sk{I-´-dnbptSbpw ÿm] ta[m-hn-I-fp-tSbpw BI-kvan-Im-h[n Ap-h-Zn-t°-≠Xv {]kn-U‚m-Wv.
• DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ]©m-b-Øns‚ ta¬tm-´-Ønepw nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-amWv {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xv.
]©m-b-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw DtZym-K-ÿ-n¬
kzX-{¥-ambpw Xn®pw sNtø-≠-Xmb Ãm‰yq´dn
A[n-Im-c-ßtfm Npa-X-e-Itfm n£n-]vX-am-bn-
´p-s≠-¶n¬ {]kn-Ut‚m a‰v P-{]-Xn-n-[n-Itfm
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ I¿Øhy-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw B
DtZym-K-ÿ≥ n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm
kzm[o-n-°p-Itbm sNøm≥ ]mSn-√.
4
1997se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (DtZym-K-kvXcpsS ta¬ nb-{¥Ww) N´ßƒ
39

]©m-bØv tbmK- -S]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ
8
8.1. tbmKhpw Xocp-am--ßfpw
]©m-b-Øns‚ `c-W-]-chpw hnI-k--]-c-hp-amb F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw ]©m-bØv tbmK-ß-fn¬ sh®mWv
n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. tbmKßƒ aq∂v Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. km[m-cW tbmKw, ASn-b-¥n-c-tbm-Kw, {]tXyI-
tbmKw F∂n-h-bm-Wh.
Xocp-amw ssIs°m-≈p-tºmƒ c≠v Imcy-ßƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww.
1. Xo-cp-am--ßƒ Ft∏mgpw nb-am-p-kr-Xam-bn-cn-°-Ww.
2. Xocp-amn°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ ]©m-bØn-s‚- Np-a-Xem hnj-b-ß-fn¬s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww.
8.2. Npa-X-e-Iƒ
tbmK-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn S°W-sa-¶n¬ _‘-s∏-´-h-sc√mw Xß-fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn
nd-th-‰-Ww. tbmK--S-Øn-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´v B¿s°m-s°-bmWv Npa-X-e-Iƒ? Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw
Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? ]ń-I 5 C°m-cy-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
8.1. tbmKhpw Xocp-am--ßfpw
82. Npa-X-e-Iƒ
8.3. tbmKw hnfn®p Iq´¬
8.4. tbmK--S-Øn∏v ˛ S-]-Sn-Iƒ
8.5. Xocp-amw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ø¬
8.6. ann‰vkv
8.7. Xocp-am--ßƒ S-∏n-em-°¬
8.8. ASn-b-¥n-c-tbmKw
8.9. tbmKw hnfn-®q-Iq-´m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-S¬
8.10. {]tXyI AP-≠-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn-p≈ tbmKw
8.11. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ßƒ
8.12. {]h¿Ø IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tPmbn‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw
tbmK--S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ
41

{Ia Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿ tbmK--S-Øn-∏nse Npa-X-e-Iƒ
º¿
1. {]kn-U‚ v tbmKw hnfn®v tN¿°-epw S-Øn∏pw
2. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰nIƒ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-IfpsS Xocp-am--ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw
]©mbØv tbmK-Øn-p-ff Hmtcm AP-≠-bm-Wv. AXn-m¬ `c-W-
k-anXn tbmK-Ønv apºv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ tbmKw tN¿∂v Xocp-
am--ßƒ ssIs°m-f-fp-I.
3. sk{I-´-dn {]kn-U‚p-ambn Btem-Nn®v AP≠ Xøm-dm-°¬, AP-≠m°p-dn-∏p-
Iƒ/nb-tam-]-tZ-i-ßƒ ¬I¬, Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fp-sS Xocp-am-
-ßƒ tbmK-Øn¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNø¬, Xocp-am--ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬
4. AwK-ßƒ 1. tbmK-Øn¬ N¿® sNøs∏tS≠ hnj-b-ßƒ {]knU‚nv/sk{I-
´-dn°v FgpXn ¬Ip-I
2. tNmZy-ßƒ, {]ta-b-ßƒ F∂nh AP-≠-bn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp-∂-Xnv
n›nX ka-bØv {]knU‚nv ¬IpI.
3. N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°pI, A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n°pI, thm´v tcJ-
s∏-Sp-ØpI
5. ÿm]--ta-[m-hn-Iƒ/ AP-≠-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ C-ßƒ n¿t±-in-°p-I, A≤y-£≥
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ]d-bp-I, hniZo-I-c-W-ßƒ
¬Ip-I.
6. s]mXp-P--ßƒ, tbmK--S-Øn∏v ho£n-°pI
]{X-am-≤y-a-ßƒ
8.3. tbmKw hnfn®p Iq´¬
tbmK-Xo-cp-am--ßƒ Bhiyamb IØp-Ifpw At]-£-Ifpw ]cm-Xn-Ifpw Hmô-kn¬ e`n-°p-tºmƒ
Xs∂ sk{I-´dn Ah AP≠ cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øv tbmK-Øn-pff Xøm-sd-Sp∏v XpS-ßp-∂p. tbmKw
hnfn®p tN¿°p∂-Xn-p-ff S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ
Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-c-amWv.
1. tbmK-Xo-bXn {]kn-U‚ v n›-bn-
°p∂p
2. sk{I-´dn {]kn-U‚p-ambn Btem-Nn®v
AP≠ Xøm-dm-°p∂p
3. {]kn-U‚ v H∏v sh® tbmK- tm-ókv
tbmK-Ønv 3 Znhkw apºv In´p∂ hn[-
Øn¬ sk{I-´dn F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw
FØn-°p-∂p. (tbmK tmókv
XobXnbpw tbmK- Xo-b-Xnbpw IW-°m-
°p-I-bn-√.) am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿
s]mXp-Pw
s]mXp-Pw
n¿∆-lW DtZym-K-ÿ¿
]ńI 5 : tbmK--S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e-Iƒ
]©m-bØv tbmK- -S]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ1
42
8

4. AP-≠-bn¬ Xocp-amw FSp-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ nb-a-h-i-ßsf kqNn-∏n-®psIm-≠p-ff
Ipdn∏v (A-P≠m Ipdn∏v) sk{I-´dn Xøm-dm°n tbmKtmó-kn-tm-sSm∏w/tbmK-Ønv apºv AwK-
ßƒ°v ¬Ip∂p.
5. tbmKw ]©m-bØv Bÿm-Øv n›nX ka-bØv IqSp-∂p. (A-Sn-b-¥nc L´-ß-fn-sem-gnsI
cmhnse 9 aWn°pw sshIo´v 6 aWn°pw CS-bn¬ am{Xta tbmKw tNcm-hp).
6. tbmKw n›bn® -k-a-bØv lmP-cmb AwK-ßƒ lmP¿ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ H∏v shbv°p∂p.
(n›-bn® ka-bØv AwK-ßƒ FØn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Izmdw XnI-bp-∂-Xnv Ac aWn-°q¿ hsc
ImØn-cn-°mw. F∂n´pw XnI-™n-s√-¶n¬ lmP-cmb F√m saº¿amcpw Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬ XpS¿∂pw
ImØn-cn-°mw.)
]©m-bØv tbmK-Øns‚ Izmdw AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS aq∂n¬ H∂v BWv.
8.4. tbmK--S-Øn∏v ˛ S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1. {]kn-U‚ns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tbmKw XpS-ßp-∂p. (Izmdw XnI-™-ti-jw)
2. tNmtZym-Ø-c-thf Bcw-`n-°p∂p
3. AwK-ß-fn¬ n∂pw e`n® tNmZy-ßƒ°p-ff adp-]Sn {]kn-U‚ v ¬Ip-∂p. (a-dp-]Sn evIm≥
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n sNb¿am∑mtcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw) kabw ]c-am-h[n Hcp aWn-°q¿.
4. AwK-ßƒ h√ {Ia-{]-ivhpw D∂-bn-®m¬ A≤y-£≥ AXn-t∑¬ dqfnwKv ¬Ip-∂p.
5. AP-≠-I-fn¬ N¿® ˛ A≤y-£≥ Hmtcm AP-≠bpw hmbn®v N¿®-bv°mbn AwK-ßsf £Wn-
°p-∂p.
tbmKw S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AwK-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ t]mb-Xp-aqew Izmdw C√m-
Xm-bm¬ tbmKw XpS-cm≥ ]mSn-√. Izmdw C√m-Xm-Ip∂ L´-Øn¬ tbmKw ]ncn®p
hnSWw.
6. N¿® S-°p-∂p. N¿® A≤y£/≥ nb-{¥n-°p∂p.
7. N¿®bv°p tijw Xocp-amw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. thms´-Sp∏v Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ thms´-Sp-∏n-eqsS D≠mb
Xocp-amw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. (thm´p-Iƒ Xpey-am-bm¬ {]kn-U‚nv ImÃnßv thmń-v Ah-Im-i-
ap≠v.)
AP-≠-bn-en-√mØ bmsXmcp hnjbhpw N¿®bvs°-Sp-°m≥ ]mSn-√. A≤y-£≥ Ap-
h-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ, Bh-iy-amb a‰p Imcy-ßƒ F∂n-ß-s-bp≈ AP-≠-Iƒ
Ap-h-Z-o-b-hp-a-√. AXn-m¬ Xocp-amw Bh-iy-amb Hmtcm Imcyhpw {]tXyI
AP-≠-bmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ASn-b-¥nc kz`m-h-ap≈ k¿°m¿ IØp-Iƒ AP-
≠-bn¬ Cs√-¶nepw N¿® sNømhp∂-Xm-Wv.
8. Ap-h-Zn® {]ta-b-ßƒ AP≠ {]Imcw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ AwK-ßsf £Wn-°p-∂p. (ap≥Iqń
Ap-aXn tXSm-sX-bp-ff {]ta-b-ßƒ N¿®bv°v FSp-°m-hp-∂-X√.)
43

9. {]ta-b-ß-fn-t∑-ep-ff N¿®-Iƒ S-°p-∂p. HcwKw {Ia-c-ln-X-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw tbmKw
XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ B AwKsØ A≤y-£v tbmK Znh-k-tØ°v kkvs]‚ v
sNømw.
10. N¿®bv°v tijw Xocp-amw A≤y-£≥ {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. (Xocp-am S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ap≥hn-h-cn-®-
Xp-t]m-se.)
8.5. Xocp-amw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ø¬
1. Hmtcm Xocp-am-hpw sk{I-´dn X’-abw Xocp-am cPn-Ã-dn¬ Im¿_¨ t]∏¿ h®v Fgp-Xp-∂p.
2. tbmKm-h-kmw Xocp-am cPn-Ã-dn¬ {]kn-U‚pw sk{I-´-dnbpw H∏v shbv°p-∂p.
3. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xocp-am--ßƒ sk{I-´dn hmbn®v AwK-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-∂p.
4. Xocp-am cPn-Ã-dns‚ ]I¿∏v sk{I-´dn tmókv t_m¿Un¬ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AwK-ßƒ°v
¬Ip-∂p. sh_vssk-‰nepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
8.6. ann‰vkv
1. tbmKw Ign™v 3 Znh-k-Øn-Iw sk{I-´dn IcSv ann‰vkv Xøm-dm°n {]kn-U‚nv ¬Ip-∂p-.
tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ (hn-tbm-P A`n-{]mbw Dƒs∏-sS)
sk{I-´dn ann‰vkn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Xocp-am--ß-fn¬ hntbm-P--ap-f-f-h¿°v, hntbm-P
Ipdn∏v FgpXn sk{I-´-dn°v ¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2. {]kn-U‚ v 24 aWn-°q-dn-Iw ann‰vkv AwKo-I-cn®v sk{I-´-dn°v ¬Ip-∂p.
3. sk{I-´dn AXv ann‰vkv ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn FgpXn {]kn-U‚n-s-sIm≠v H∏vsh∏n®v B[n-
Im-cn-I-am-°p-∂p.
4. ann‰vkv tmókv t_m¿Un¬ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
kI¿Ω Bπn-t°-j≥ tkm^v‰v shb¿
]©m-bØv tbmK-Øns‚ AP-≠m-Ip-dn∏v kI¿Ω Bπn-t°-j≥ tkm^v‰v shb-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ønb tijw {]n‚ v Hu´v AwK-ßƒ°v ¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tbmK--S-]SnIƒ Bcw`n®p Ign-
™m¬ N¿®m hnj-b-ßfpw N¿®bpw tkm^v‰v shb-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
CXn-mbn Hcp Um‰m F≥{Sn Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS tkhw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tbmK-Xo-cp-am--
ßfpw CtX coXn-bn¬ tkm^v‰v shb-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Cu Imcy-ßƒ
sk{I-´-dn-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ sNbvX-tijw {]kn-U‚v ann‰vkv, Xocp-am--ßƒ F∂nh Iºyq-
´-dn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. (A-{]qhv sNø-Ww). AtXmsS ann‰vkv Xocpam-ßƒ F∂nh ]q¿Øn-
bm-hpw. CXv {]n‚ v sNbvXv sk{I-´dn H∏v sh®v ]©m-b-Øw-K-ßƒ°v ¬Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
Xs∂ ]©m-bØv sh_vssk-‰nepw S®v kv{Io≥ Iºyq-´-dnepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.
]©m-bØv sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿°v C˛-sa-bn¬ hgn CXv Ab®p sImSp-°pIbpw th-Ww.
]©m-bØv tbmK- -S]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ1
44
8

8.7. Xocp-am--ßƒ S-∏n-em-°¬
• Xocp-am--ß-fpsS ]I¿∏v F√m sk£-p-I-fn-te°pw _‘-s∏´ LSI ÿm]ß-fn-te-°pw
¬Ip∂p.
• {Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ ann‰vkns‚ ]I¿∏v 10 Znh-k-Øn-Iw ]©m-bØv sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿°v
sk{I-´dn ¬Ip-∂p.
• Xocp-am--ßƒ S-∏n-em-°nsb∂v {]Xn-am-k tbmK-ß-fn¬ Dd-∏m°p-∂p.
8.8. ASn-b-¥n-c-tbmKw
Hcp km[m-cW tbmKw IqSn Xocp-amw FSp-°p-hm≥ th≠ ka-b-Ønp apºp-Xs∂ ASn-b-¥n-c-
ambn ]©m-bØv Xocp-amw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Hcp {]tXyI tbmKw tNcm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. tbmK-Øns‚ tmókv 24 aWn-°q¿ apºv AwK-ßƒ°v ¬In-bn-cn-°-Ww.
8.9. tbmKw hnfn-®q-Iq-´m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-S¬
]©m-b-Øns‚ AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS aq∂n¬ H∂n¬ Ipd-bmØ FÆw hcp∂ AwK-ßƒ GXm-h-iy-
Øn-mtWm tbmKw hnfn-t°-≠-sX∂v hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v tcJm-aqew Hcp tmókv {]kn-U‚nv
¬Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A°mcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-mbn ]©m-b-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXyI tbmKw tmókv
Inń ]Øp Znh-k-Øn-p-≈n¬ At±lw hnfn-®p-Iq-t´-≠-Xm-Wv. tmókv e`n®v 10 Znh-k-Øn-Iw
{]kn-U‚ v tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-Ø-]-£w, tmókv ¬Inb AwK-ßƒ°v, sk{I-´-dnsb Adn-bn-®p-
sIm≠pw a‰w-K-ßƒ°v tmókv ¬In-s°m≠pw ]©m-b-Øns‚ {]tXyI tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
8.10. {]tXyI AP-≠-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn-p≈ tbmKw
Hcp {]tXyI AP≠ am{Xw N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn-mbn (D-Zm. _P-‰v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬, tem°¬ ^≠v
HmUn‰v dnt∏m¿´v N¿® sNø¬) hnfn®p tN¿°p∂ tbmK-amWv {]tXyI tbmKw. km[m-cW tbmKw
hnfn®p tN¿°p∂ coXn-b¬ Xs∂-bmWv {]tXyI tbmKhpw hnfn®p tN¿t°-≠-Xv.
8.11. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ßƒ
]©m-bØv tbmK--S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v kam--amb coXn-bn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ßfpw
S-tØ-≠-Xv. 2000˛ se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv (Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n) N´-ß-fnse 16 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈
N´-ßƒ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS tbmK-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bmWv.
8.12. {]h¿Ø IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tPmbn‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tbmK--S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ
]©m-bØv cmPv BIv‰v {]Imcw {]h¿Ø IΩ-‰n-Ifpw tPmbn‚ v IΩn-‰n-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn-
∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 1995 se tIcf ]©m-bØv cmPv ({]-h¿Ø IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tPmbn‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-
fp-tSbpw cq]o-I-c-Whpw tbmK-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpw) N´-ßƒ Cu c≠p IΩn-‰n-I-fp-tSbpw tbmK--S-]-Sn-{I-
a-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
45

Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer

Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (19)

Semelhante a Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer

Semelhante a Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer (20)

Mais de Jamesadhikaram land matter consultancy 9447464502

Mais de Jamesadhikaram land matter consultancy 9447464502 (20)

Último

Último (20)

Kerala Panchayath Office Procedures Uploaded By James Joseph Adhikarathil Kottayam KILA Trainer