Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.

1. HOW 2G, 3G, 4G, CHANGED THE WORLD OF MEDIA
Case study By Mayank Pratap Singh
INTRODUCTION
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to
having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband
by 2017. Technology from manufacturers is advancing at a stunning rate and the
wireless networking is tying our gadgets together with the services we demand. In just
the past 10 years, we have seen an astonishing evolution of wireless service we use
every day. With the exponential evolution, there has been equally exponential growth in
use of the services, taking advantage of the recently available bandwidth around the
world. This year, we saw data usage around the globe exceed 1 Exabyte in a month.
1EB is the same as 1 billion gigabytes, 1,000,000,000GB. That is a lot of data no matter
who is using
it.
It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by
2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping
users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it,
we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and
increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the
bandwagon.

2. BACKGROUND
First of all, this family is the wireless telephone family. It is just starting to compete with
the wireless Internet family that includes Wi-Fi and the other802 wireless IEEE
standards. But it is a completely different set of standards. The only place the two are
likely to merge is in a marriage of phones that support both the cellular and Wi-Fi
standards. Wireless telephone started with what you might call 0G if you can remember
back that far. The great ancestor is the mobile telephone service that became available
just after World War II. In those pre-cell days, you had a mobile operator to set up the
calls and there were only a handful of channels available. The big boom in mobile
phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called Analog
Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) starting in 1981. This generation is 1G, the first for using
cell technology that let users place their own calls and continue their conversations
seamlessly as they moved from cell to cell. An AMP uses what is called frequency
division multiplexing (FDM). Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies or
channels. You probably had a 1G phone, but never called it that. The next generation,
quick on the heels of the first, is digital cellular. One standard uses a digital version of
AMPS called D-AMPS using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). A competing
system also emerged using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). As you might
suspect, the two are incompatible but you can have a phone that works with both.
Europe embraced yet a third standard called GSM, which is based on TDMA. Digital
transmissions allow for more phone conversations in the same amount of spectrum.
They also lay the groundwork for services beyond simple voice telephone calls. Data
services such as Internet access, text messaging, sharing pictures and video are
inherently digital.

3. This is where the whole "G" thing got started. The original analog and digital cellular services were
invented to cut the wire on landline phone service and give you regular telephone service you could
take with you. As such, the bandwidth they offer for adding data services is pretty meager, in the low
Kbps region. Now that a cell phone is not merely a cell phone, but also a PDA, a messaging system,
a camera, an Internet browser, an email reader and soon to be a television set, true broadband data
speeds are needed. That new generation of cell phone service has been dubbed 3G for 3rd
generation.
EXPANSION
2G
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second
generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on
the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.Three primary
benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were
digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum
allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data
services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G technologies enabled the
various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture
messages and MMS (multi media messages). All text messages sent over 2G are
digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended
receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retroactively
dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G
networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers
(which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G;
however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

4. 2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based
and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type of
multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
 GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in most of the world outside
North America. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world.
Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band
(CDMA450).[2]
 IS-95 aka cdma One (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US),
used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all
subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM
including operators in Mexico, India and Australia.
 PDC also known as JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular) (TDMA-based), used
exclusively in Japan
 idem (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United
States and Telus Mobility in Canada
 IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the
US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.
2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in
the United States.

5. Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in
two key ways:
 Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than
analog voice encodings through the use of various codec’s, allowing more calls to
be transmitted in same amount of radio bandwidth.
 The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This
meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same
amount of space. This was possible because cell towers and related equipment had
become less expensive.
2G Data Transmission Capacity.
 With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), you have a theoretical transfer speed
of max. 50 kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practice).
 With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical
transfer speed of max. 1 Mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).
3G
3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile
telecommunications technology. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile
devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with
the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by
the International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless
voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video
calls and mobile TV.3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an

6. information transfer rate of at least 200 Kbit. Later 3G releases often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G also provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it
can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless
Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies new generation of cellular
standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were
introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands,
higher data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G
networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation “4G"networks in 2008.
3G technology is the result of research and development work carried out by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications
and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made
available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum
between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and
communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G
network was launched by NTT Do Como in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA. It was
first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first
commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT Do Como in Japan on 1 October 2001,
although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the system
was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability. The first European pre-
commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the
operator then owned by British Telecom and the first commercial network (also UMTS
based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telekom in December 2001
with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

7. The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the
CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South
Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to
see competition among 3G operators. The first commercial United States 3G network
was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network
provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA
was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also
a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network
to HSUPA.The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere
was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using
UMTS on 2,100 MHz This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World
Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison
Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003. Emtel launched the first 3G
network in Africa.
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to
applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications
are:
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Location-based services
 Mobile TV
 Telemedicine
 Video Conferencing
 Video on demand

8. Video calling is the first big thing that you will experience on 3G. Video calls means
allows to see and capture every moment of expression of someone with whom the
conversation is made. It supports real time image to other party however, clarity and
continuity depend on some factors like quality of Mobile device, location of user,
network condition etc. High Speed Internet is the next big thing which revolutionized the
browsing experience. No more breaks buffering and unavoidable wait of desired screen.
A speed which will help in sharing thoughts/pictures/albums/videos in the way never
experienced in 2G. High speed internet means, even those transactions can be done
which need speed for processing of error free requests like banking services, online
ticket booking etc. Though actual speed vary on many factors like handset, location,
network capacity, number of simultaneous users in a cell etc. access to online available
video resources without buffering from You tube etc and other subscribed services
which provide such videos. Live TV services.3G speed gives a new experience of
gaming through Mobile.
Evolution
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on
an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such
as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-
Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth
requirements for 4G (which is 1 Bit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation),
these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.
3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted
development of UMB in favor of the LTE family.
On 14 December 2009, Talia Sonora announced in an official press release that "We
are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."
With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G)
services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

9. 3G phones and services are just starting to come into their own. One service you'll find
is called EV-DO, which stands for Evolution Data Only. EVDO has download speeds up
to 2.4 Mbps, which is faster than T1, DSL or Cable broadband service. There is also an
evolution that includes voice called EVDV which is in the works.

10. While 3G is going to enable telephones to also become Internet computers, video
phones and television receivers, its maturity phase will find it competing with
wireless VoIP telephone services on Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WiTV and the new wireless mobile
standard 802.20, which doesn't seem to have a catchy name yet. The slug-fest between
analog wire line phone service and wired VoIP seems likely to be continued on
the wireless front.
4G
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile
telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities
defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include
amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV,
video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard
(first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE)
standard (in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been
debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as
discussed in the technical definition section below.[
In the United States, Sprint (previously Clear wire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX
networks since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in
2010. USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these
networks, with WiMAX smart phones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smart
phones arriving in 2011. 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not
always compatible because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is not available
for the European market as of April 2012.

11. New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from
1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by
3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200 kbit/s peak bit
rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet
Protocol (IP)packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed)
access. While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be
used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization
or development work them, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such
as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum, and 3GPP.
In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-
2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be
considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified
the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements
for 4G systems.
The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is
commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s
upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42
Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two
5 MHz UMTS carriers) or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but
have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is
the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream

12. The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA).[The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end
Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which
every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the
network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. Since
the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet
switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G
systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched
network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and
circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in
4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. Bharti Airtel launched India's
first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on 10 April 2012. On June 2013
prior to the official launch in Kolkata, a group consisting of China Mobile, Bharti Airtel
and Softbank Mobile came together, called Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTI) in Barcelona,
Spain and they signed the commitment towards TD-LTE standards for the Asian region.
It must be noted that Bharti Airtel's 4G network does not support mainstream 4G
phones such as Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung Galaxy S4 and others.
Market penetration
The world is seeing a rapid technology migration to both higher speed mobile broadband
networks and the increased adoption of smart phones and other connected devices. Mobile
broadband connections will account for almost 70% of the global base by 2020, up from just
fewer than 40% at the end of 2015. Smartphone adoption is already reaching critical mass in
developed markets, with the devices now accounting for 60% of connections. It is the

13. developing world.
Driven by ongoing deployments, LTE penetration will significantly grow at a CAGR of
53% over the next 7 years. LTE connections will eventually represent more than 2.4
Billion subscriptions in 2020. Presently U.S, Japanese and South Korean mobile
network operators are leading LTE subscriptions with a combined market share of 75%,
driven by their early adoption of the technology. As mobile operators and the
ecosystem purchase inputs and Services from their providers in the supply chain, a
multiplier effect on the rest of the economy is created, generating sales and value
added in other sectors and industries. This benefit was conservatively estimated at a
global value added of approximately US$220 billion in 2014.

14. In addition to the direct and indirect contribution to GDP by mobile operators and the
wider ecosystem, an Estimated 2.2% of global GDP can be attributed to the increased
productivity created by the widespread use of mobile technology. Mobile technology has
transformed the way in which economic activity is carried out in virtually all the sectors
of the global economy, allowing more efficient ways for workers and businesses to
communicate and access information. This effect varies significantly by country and
sector, and contributedUS$1.7 trillion to global GDP in 2014. The mobile industry overall
made a total contribution of US$3 trillion to the world economy, equivalent to 3.8% of

15. the total GDP.
The mobile industry also makes a very significantcontribution
To public funding.For mostcountries,this includes value
Added,corporation and income tax,and socialsecurity from
Mobileecosystem employees.It is estimated thatthe sector
Contributed morethan US$400 billion to publicfunding in 2015,
Before considering regulatory and license fees.Additionally,
Spectrum auctions generatedrevenuesof overUS$14 billion for
Governmentsglobally.
In 2015, mobile operators and the broader ecosystem directly employed 12.8 million
people globally. The largest employment contribution came from the content,
applications and services sector, with approximately 4.6 million jobs. However, it should
be noted that a number of jobson this sector were part-time or on a self-employment

16. basis. Large numbers of jobs were also directly supported by disturber or sand retailers
(3.8 million) and mobile operators (3.1 million).
Jobs were also indirectly supported as the industry’s economic activity generated
demand and jobs in other sectors, in
Particular, in the direct supply chain of the mobile ecosystem. In 2015, it was estimated
that approximately 11.8 million jobs were indirectly supported, bringing the total
impact(both direct and indirect) of the mobile industry to just under 25 million jobs.
PRESENT DAY STATUS
Mobile 3G and 4G technologies continue to evolve to
deliver faster and better mobile broadband experiences
Mobile connectivity has become a powerful platform for innovation. However, this
potential for innovation should not be taken for granted. It depends on a flexible,
consistent and fair regulatory environment, which encourages experimentation and
differentiation. If regulators can help to maintain such an environment, entrepreneurs
and enterprises will continue to use mobile technologies and services to deliver many
more socio-economic benefits. While cultural and market differences mean there is no
one-size-fits all regulatory framework.

17. A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of
the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In
current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known
as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).

18. Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept
where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access
technologies and can seamlessly move between them These access technologies can
be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept
is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage
spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to
create a pervasive network.
Delivering the digital future
Mobile has already redefined consumerexperiencesin many
Aspects ofdaily life, as well as creating a range of new business
Opportunities and services.As technology and the broader
Mobile and digital ecosystemscontinue to evolve, the impact
Of innovation and disruption will be felt ever wider. New
Technologies,imaginative use cases and business models are
Likely to generate even more profound mobile innovations,
Increasingly linking the digital and physical worlds.

19. As mobile disrupts and affects more areas of consumer and business life, the potential
for Collaboration also grows. Digital ecosystem players, ranging from mobile operators
to new entrants to existing players in adjacent industries, will increasingly recognize the
need for collaborative innovation rather than competition if they are treatise the full
potential of mobile. The global app economy is growing rapidly, with revenues from
apps and related products and services reaching US$86.3 billion in 2014 representing a
26% increase from 2013.
Much of this Growth is coming from developing markets such as India and China, and
out of a total global mobile Developer population of 2.3 million in 2013, Asia is home to
around a third. In 2014, Google more than doubled the number of apps in its Google
Play store, ending the year with More than 1.4 million and overtaking Apple with1.2
million. Amazon, while a long way behind with293,000 apps also enjoyed impressive
growth, albeit from a much smaller base.
These three Platforms and their broader ecosystems currently dominate the global
market, accounting for over90% of Smartphone sales worldwide. However, these
platforms originated in developed markets, such as the US, Europe and parts of Asia.
The developing world poses new challenges to the industry as customers are mostly
prepaid, handset subsidies ageless prevalent, and the use of mobile data is rising
despite Smartphone penetration being low. There is also an added importance to
customers of brand value and locally relevant content, so importing established content
models from developed markets is unlikely to drive customer acquisition to mobile
platforms.
The initial focus of the Connected Living programme is toaccelerate the delivery of new
connected devices and servicesin the M2M market through industry collaboration,
appropriateregulation, optimising networks and develops key enablers to support the
growth of M2M in the immediate future. The ultimate aim is to enable the Iota, a world in
which consumers and businesses enjoy rich new services, connected by an intelligent
and secure mobile network.
Consumer appetite for mobile data and richer services is growing rapidly, and as a
result new IP-based communications services such as Skype, WhatsApp and Face
book Messenger are becoming increasingly popular. These services will continue to
gain traction with the growth of LTE networks and devices, Meaning operators will need
to consider which type of partnership or over-the-top integration models will allow them
to drive revenue and sustain their business models in the longer-term. Embracing an all-
IP future solution is vital for operators if they are to retain customer relevance and have
a network capable of meeting the ever-growing customer demand for data services and

20. increasingly richer communications.
5G
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) denotes the
next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-
Advanced standards. 5G has speeds beyond what the current 4G can offer.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines the following requirements for
5G networks:
•Data rates of several tens of megabits per second should be supported for tens of
thousands of users
•1 gigabit per second to be offered simultaneously to many workers on the same office
floor
•Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to be supported for
massive sensor deployments
•Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G
•Coverage should be improved
•Signaling efficiency should be enhanced
•Latency should be reduced significantly compared to LTE.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by
2020 to meet business and consumer demands. In addition to providing simply faster
speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will need to meet the needs of new use
cases, such as the Internet of Things (network equipment in buildings or vehicles for

21. web access) as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of
natural disaster.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current
4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under
the current ITU-T 4G standards
4G is still a relatively nascent technology on a global scale, with just under 7% of total
Connections by the end of 2014. Although the rate of migration is accelerating sharply,
there is already growing speculation and analysis around the next generation of mobile
services, generally referred to as ‘5G’. Discussions centre on whether 5G will be a true
generational shift in connectivity technology or the consolidation of existing 2G, 3G, 4G,
Wi-Fi and various other technologies to provide vastly greater network coverage and
always-on reliability.
Considerable advancements towards the hyper-connected society have already been
made. Examples include technologies such as network function virtualization (NFV),
software defined networks (SDN) and heterogeneous networks (HetNets). All of these
technologies are regularly bundled under the ‘5G’ banner, despite the fact that they are
already being brought to market by vendors and invested in by operators.
These technologies will continue to have a significant impact on the mobile industry
over the coming years. However, placing too much focus now one future, over-arching
vision of a new technology generation could adversely affect progress in these areas
between now and the anticipated launch of 5G as a commercial service. This latter point
is especially true given the early stage of 4G adoption in many countries, particularly
across the developing world.

22. (E-MAIL-mynktech1994@gmail.com)