Water reservoirs

 Pakistan can be divided into three hydrological units:
 The Indus basin, covering more than 566,000 km2 (or 71% of
the territory), comprising the whole of the provinces of the
Punjab, Sind, and KPK and the eastern part of Baluchistan
 The Karan desert in the west of Baluchistan (in the west of the
country), which is an endorheic basin covering 15% of the
territory. The water is discharged in the Hamun-i-Mashkel
lake, in the south-west at the border with Iran.
 The arid Makran coast along the Arabian Sea covering 14% of
the territory in its southwestern part (Baluchistan province).
The Hob, Porali, Hingol, and Dasht are the principal rivers of
this coastal zone.
4/9/2016 IMRAN BASHIR 2

 There are 24
rivers in Pakistan.
4 in Sindh
7 in Baluchistan
8 in KPK
5 in Punjab

 Aston river
 Chenab river
 Dasht river
 Dashtiari river
 Gambila river
 Ghaggar-Hakra River
 Ghizar river
 Gilgit river
 Gomal river
 Hub river
 Hungol river
 Hunza river
 Indus river
 Jhelum river
 Kabul river
 Swat river
 Kundar River
 Kunhar river
 Khurram river
 Lyari river
 Malir river
 Panjkora panjnad river
 Ravi river
 Shigar river
 Shimshal river
 Sutlej river
 Swaan river
 Tochi river
 Zhob river

 A physical barrier constructed across a river or waterway to
control the flow of or raise the level of water. The purpose of
construction may be for flood control, irrigation needs,
hydroelectric power production, and/or recreation usage.

 Mangla Dam
 Akra Kaur Dam
 Burj Aziz Khan Dam
 Garuk Dam (planned)
 Hingol Dam (planned)
 Hub Dam
 Mirani Dam
 Naulong Dam(under construction)
 Pelar Dam(planned)
 Sabakzai Dam
 Shakidor Dam
 Sukleji Dam(planned)
 Wali Tangi Dam
 Winder Dam (planned)
 Bara Dam (planned)
 Gomal Zam Dam(nearing completion)
 Kurram Tangi Dam(planned)
 Munda Dam(under construction)
 Bunji Dam(planned)
 Diamer-Bhasha Dam(under construction)
 Satpara Dam (nearing completion)
 Ghabir Dam(under construction)
 Kalabagh Dam (planned)
 Darmalak Dam(under construction)
 Jabba Khattak Dam(under construction)
 Karak Dam(under construction)
 Khair Bara Dam(under construction)
 Khanpur Dam
 Lawaghar Dam(under construction)
 Karak Dam(under construction)
 Palai Dam(under construction)
 Tanda DaM (Ramsar Site)
 Tarbela Dam
 Warsak Dam
 Akhori Dam(planned)
 Dhrabi Dam
 Dohngi Dam
 Khai Dam
 Chiniot dam(planned)
 Darawat Dam(under construction)
 Karoonjhar Dam
 Nai Gaj Dam(under construction)
 Chotiari Dam

 A type of dam which consists of a line of large gates that can be
opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam
 Only used for the irrigation system and storage of water

 Guddu Barrage
 Kotri Barrage
 Sukkur Barrage
 Balloki Head works
 Chashma Barrage
 Islam Barrage
 Jinnah Barrage
 Khanki Head works
 Marala Head works
 Panjnad Barrage
 Qadirabad Headworks
 Rasul Barrage
 Sidhnai Head works
 Sulemanki Headworks
 Taunsa Barrage
 Trimmu Barrage
 Munda Headworks

 The treaty made a simple and straightforward attempt to let both
adversaries share the available water resources. The divide was as
clear as b/w the east and the west i.e. “the three western rivers
were allocated to Pakistan with some reservations and three
eastern rivers were given to India.”
 The treaty fixed the rights and obligation of India and Pakistan in
relation to each other, India has been using as average 33 million
acre feet of water from the eastern rivers and has built several
dams and barrages to supply water to its Punjab province along
with its neighboring states
 the project was sponsored by UK, Germany, Australia, New
Zealand and Canada and was administered by the IBRD.

 Article II: All water of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlaj and Beas) shall be
available for the unrestricted use of India. Pakistan shall be under obligation
to let flow all water of the eastern rivers, and shall not permit any interference
with the water of these rivers except for domestic use and non-consumptive
use i.e. navigation, floating of timber or other property, flood protection or
flood control, fishing or fish culture, wildlife.
 Article III: Annex D: all water of western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab)
shall be available for unrestricted use of Pakistan. India shall be under
obligation to let flow all the water of western rivers, and shall not permit any
interference with the water of these rivers except for domestic use and non-
consumptive use, limited agriculture use and limited utilization for generation
of hydro-electric power.
 Article III: India shall nor store any water or of, construct any storage works
on the western rivers except as provided in annexes D and E of the treaty.
 Article IV: India shall not increase the catchments area, beyond the area on
the effective data of any natural or artificial drainage or drain which crossed
into Pakistan, and shall not undertake such construction or remodeling of any
drainage or drain whose crossing might use material damage in Pakistan or
entail the construction of a new drain or enlargement of an existing drainage
or drain in Pakistan.

EASTERN & WESTERNTRIBUTRIES

 Located on the
Chenab River by
India in Jammu and
Kashmir
 Construction is said to
be somewhere
between one-third and
one-half complete.
 Violation of Indus
Basin Treaty

 Design of the hydropower project violates the terms of the
Indus Water Treaty as the submerged gate spillways and other
structures will India’s storage capacity far beyond what is
allowed under the agreement.
 The Dam would increase India’s storage capacity to 164,000
acre feet, which is much higher than agreed capacity under the
treaty
 Baglihar Dam’s planned height is 144.5 meters, which would
interfere with the flow of water into Pakistan. The Dam’s
bondage capacity, 37.722 million cubic meters of water is then
twice the allowed bondage under the Indus Water Treaty.
 The huge pond facility of the Dam would also slow down the
flow of water to Pakistan

 Construction is said to be somewhere between one-
third and one-half complete.
 Located on the Chenab River by India in Jammu
and Kashmir
 Violation of Indus Basin Treaty

 Another dam
constructed on River
Chenab.
 Again Violation of the
 Indus Basin Treaty

 The first dispute India and
Pakistan were engaged in
was over the construction
of the Salal Dam by India
on Chenab River.
 In 1974 Pakistan officially
objected to the design of
Salal project arguing that it
did not confirm to the
criteria for design of such
hydroelectric projects laid
down under the Treaty.

 330-megawatt project
 Across the river Neelum(a tributry of Jhelum)
centres on the diversion of water from one tributary of
the river to another.
 Pakistan`s view :violation of Indus Water Treaty
 India`s view :The diversion is within the provisions of
the treaty, which governs water sharing between the
two nuclear rivals.

 The Kishanganaga project is another controversial water issue
between the two countries. The 330MW hydroelectric project is
located about 16 kilometers upstream of Muzaffarabad and
involves diversion of Kishanganga or Neelum River
 Pakistani objections are based on the grounds that the project will
have an adverse effects on the Neelam-Jhelum link project
 A second diversion of the water of Kishenganga river to Jehlum
would ruin the Neelam valley in Pakistan.
 It is feared that the project could reduce Pakistan’s total water
availability from an estimated 154 maf to about140 maf, a
shortage of about 8-9 per cent

 This dam disrupts the flow of water into the Jhelum
River, which flows into Pakistan.

 96 km strip of water in the Rann of Kutch
marshlands.
 The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea,
divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of
Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.
 Immense economic gain. Much of the region is rich
in oil and gas below the sea bed

 96 km strip of water in the
Rann of Kutch marshlands.
 The creek, which opens up
into the Arabian Sea,
divides the Kutch region of
the Indian state of Gujarat
with the Sindh province of
Pakistan.
 Immense economic gain.
Much of the region is rich
in oil and gas below the sea
bed

 India supports its s by citing the Thalweg Doctrine in
International Law.
 The law states that
“River boundaries between two states may be, if the two states
agree, divided by the mid-channel.”

 Doctrine is not applicable in this case as it only applies
to bodies of water that are navigable, which the Sir
Creek is not.
India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the
creek is navigable in high tide, and that fishing trawlers use it to
go out to sea.

Mangla Dam
 On the Jhelum River
 Installed capacity 1,000 MW
Tarbela Dam
 Maximum capacity 4200 MW
 On the Indus River located in Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 The second largest dam in the world by structural volume
 The largest earth filled dam in the world.

 On River Kabul
 Installed capacity 243 MW
WARSAK DAM

 Dohngi Dam
 Dhok Tallian Lake Dam
 Ghazi Barotha Dam
 Gomal Dam
 Hub Dam
 Karoonjhar Dam
 Khanpur Dam
 Kurram Tangi Dam
 Mirani Dam
 Misriot Dam
 Rawal lake Dam
 Sabakzai Dam
 Shakidor Dam
 Simly Dam & Tanaza Dam

 Proposed on the Indus River at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of
the Punjab.
 In December 2004, General Pervez Musharraf, announced to
build the dam in the larger interest of Pakistan.
 On May 26, 2008, the then Federal Minister for Water and Power
of Pakistan, Raja Pervez Ashraf, said that the "Kalabagh Dam
would not be constructed" and the project has been cancelled.
 He said due to the "opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh
and other stakeholders, the project was no longer feasible".
 However, after the worst flood (2010) in Pakistan,the then PM
Yousaf Raza Gilani, stated that the devastation of flood would
have been less if Kalabagh dam had been built.

 Necessary to fulfill national need for more water to keep up with
the growing population and industrial demands on agriculture .
 Supply cheap hydro-electric power to the whole country
 The annual outflow of water into the Arabian Sea is considered a
"waste" in Punjab, which feels that water can be used to irrigate
infertile lands in southern areas of Punjab and northern areas of
Sindh.
 Kalabagh site is the most favourable, compared to the other two,
Bhasha and Skardu.
 Kalabagh project include construction of several irrigation canals
to fulfill the growing demand for agriculture in Pakistan, and that it
should be built first.
 Punjab's view is that a dam of above 3,000 MW production can
finish all the energy crisis of Pakistan.

 Strongest opponent of KBD.
 Kalabagh will go to irrigate farmlands in Punjab and
KPK at their cost.
 The coastal regions of Sindh require a constant flow
of water down the Indus into the Arabian Sea so that
the flowing water can keep the seawater from
intruding inland. Such seawater intrusion would
literally turn vast areas of Sindh's coast into an arid
saline desert, and destroy Sindh's coastal mangroves.

 Not enough water for another large dam across the Indus.
 Sindh claims that the current flow of Indus river downstream
of Kotri Barrage is only because of rain. Hence in years of
low rain, Sindh fears the Indus would stop flowing.
 The Kalabagh site is located in a highly seismic zone near an
active fault.
 Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would further
curtail the water storage capacity of Manchar Lake and other
lakes and of wetlands like Haleji Lake.

 Punjab has low credibility and doubtful sincerity when
it comes to fulfilling promises.
 The entire system and canal of Ghazi- Barotha hydro
electric project runs in Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa,
however the electricity generating turbines were
installed just 500 meters inside Punjab so that the
royalty is denied to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

 The growth of most crops is affected when
groundwater is shallow enough to maintain the soil
profile in the root zone wetter than field capacity.
 This excess water and the resulting continuously wet
root zone can lead to some serious and fatal diseases
of the root and stem.
 Working the soil when overly wet can destroy soil
structure and thus restrict root growth and drainage
further.

 Crop yields decrease linearly with increasing salt
levels above a given threshold level.
 This threshold level will vary according to the
tolerance of the crop.
 Yield decreases in the absence of toxic salts such as
boron.

 While the reservoir will be in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the
dam's electricity-generating turbines will be just across the
provincial border in Punjab.
 Concerns that large areas of Nowshera District would be
submerged by the dam and even wider areas would suffer
from water-logging and salinity
 As the water will be stored in Kalabagh dam as proposed, that
will give water level rise to the city that is about 200 km away
from the proposed location

 Not directly affected by the dam as such. Rather, most
nationalist Baloch Sardars claim the dam an instance
of Punjab lording it over the smaller provinces. They
have however, not included the dam in any of their
statements after its cancellation

 Heating water,
 Generating electricity
 To create fuel for your vehicles.

 Discover ways to use corn, corn stalks, wheat, pine
cones, twigs, bark....to generate fuel to heat your
home or drive your vehicle.
 The technology has been around for over 100 years.
 Basically, anything that decomposes or burns can be
used to generate energy for home or car.

 The more popular alternative energy resources.
 Though not a reliable resource for every household, it
is a viable option for may depending on your location.

 Geothermal energy is using hot water or steam from
the Earth’s interior for heating buildings or electricity
generation.

 Throughout history, coal has been a useful resource for
human consumption.
 It is primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the production
of electricity and/or heat,
 For industrial purposes such as refining metals.
 This involves biological and geological processes after
the death of plant matter that take place over a long
period of time.

 Biofuels are produced by converting organic matter into fuel for
powering our society.
 The biofuels umbrella includes ethanol and derivatives of plants
such as sugar cane, as well as vegetable and corn oils.

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