The document summarizes the causes and impacts of the revolutions in Russia. It describes how dissatisfaction with the czarist regime led to the 1905 revolution due to poverty, oppression, and military defeats. This was followed by the 1917 revolutions which overthrew the provisional government and brought the Bolsheviks led by Lenin to power, establishing the Soviet Union. Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy to help economic recovery but it was replaced by Stalin's policies of rapid industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and violent repression of opposition.
2. #1#1
Czars Alexander III &
Nicholas II sought to
industrialize & build
economic strength.
Russia wants to import
western technology, but
block ideals of French
Revolution -> anti-czar!
Meiji Japan industrialized
faster & better -> Japan
whoops Russia in Russo-
Japanese War, 1904-1905.
3. #2#2 Russian liberals
called for a
constitution &
reforms that’d
eliminate
corruption.
Czars used harsh
tactics to suppress
reform
Secret police, jail,
sent to Siberia,
executions
4. #3#3Peasants hurt by
rigid social class
system -> too poor
to buy land they
worked after they
were freed from
serfdom
Poverty -> work in
factories (long hours,
low pay, poor living
conditions)
Want change!
5. #4#4
Vast empire and diverse empire included many
ethnic minorities: Pockets of nationalism
These people would want sovereignty: authority to
rule themselves
6. #5 Bloody Sunday: Revolution of 1905#5 Bloody Sunday: Revolution of 1905
Shot into a peaceful
protest -> destroyed
faith & trust in the czar
Led to strikes & revolts
Led to limited reforms
October Manifesto:
Nicholas II created
Duma, a representative
body, which silenced
critics; he later
removed their power
7. #6#6
Limited industry -> not
ready to fight
less than adequate
weapons & supplies
leads to military losses
Food scarce, many
desert
Military defeats,
shortage of food, fuel,
housing leads to March
Revolution, 1917
8. #6 March Revolution#6 March Revolution
1917 Rioters in St.
Petersburg demand
bread, soldiers are
sympathetic with them
“Down with war & high
prices!”
“Down with starvation!”
“Bread for workers!”
Czar abdicates (leaves
throne) & taken into
custody
9. #7#7 The provisional govt set
up failed because:
1) Continued unpopular
war against Germany,
draining men & resources
2) Didn’t help the
peasants & workers
So revolutionary socialists
set up Soviets (councils of
wrkrs and soldiers) in
many Russian cities and
begin to plot a takeover
10. #8#8
V.I. Lenin returns from
exile in Switzerland with
help of Germany after
March Revolution
Leon Trotsky & Lenin
both lead the Bolsheviks
“Peace” - end war
“Land” - distribute to
peasants
“Bread” - end food
shortages
11. #9#9
Nov 1917,
Bolsheviks led
soldiers, sailors, and
factory workers in
an uprising that
overthrew the govt
Now called
Communists, they
gave land to
peasants & gave
workers control of
mines and factories
A lot like
communism, but still
have a battle to face.
12.
13. #10 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk#10 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia loses Finland,
Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, the Ukraine,
Bessarabia & Poland
(Baltic States) to
Germany
Had to pay $
Lenin hoped socialist
revolution in Germany
would occur & reverse
some of these losses.
14. #11 Civil War!!!#11 Civil War!!!
Reds (Communists)
vs. Whites (Czarist &
Aristocratic)
Whites were supported
by French, British,
Greek, Polish, Czech,
Japanese, and U.S. troops
They were still fighting
Germany
Czar Nicholas II & family
executed (eliminate
white’s rallying point)
Reds win; 500,000 die
15. #12#12
Marx: urban workers
(proletariat) would rise
to overthrow capitalist
bourgeoisie
Lenin: dual revolution of
poor, land-hungry
peasants led by
Bolshevik party of elite,
highly-trained,
constantly purged
revolutionaries to
instruct and lead the
masses
Not to be seduced by
short-term gains
16. #13#13
Lenin had given control of
factories to workers, land
to peasants
Economy in ruins, March
1921
Lenin’s New Economic
Policy (NEP) - govt
controlled banks, large
industry, & foreign trade
But allowed some privately
owned businesses!!!!!
Not socialism (some
capitalism), but worked!
Like Brest-Litovsk –
painful, but necessary
17. #14#14
Lenin dies in 1924,
Joseph Stalin takes
over after forcing
Trotsky into exile -
later killed in Mexico
Feared other
members were
plotting against him
Great Purge - accused
thousands of crimes
against govt. ->
executed or sent to
forced-labor camps
Centralized his power!
19. #16#16
Promoted Russian
history, language,
culture ->
sometimes forbid
native cultural
practices
Appointed Russians
to key posts in govt
& secret police
Redrew boundaries
of many republics to
ensure non-Russians
would not gain a
majority
20. #17#17
What Communism becomes
in practice:
Communist Command
Economy:
Govt officials (party
members) make all
economic decisions
Govt controls all factories,
businesses, & farms
Not a lot of incentive to
work hard, shortage of
consumer goods
Produce tanks over toilet
paper, guns over butter:
(country 1st, consumer 2nd)
21. #17#17
Capitalist Economy
Businesses are privately
owned & operated for a
profit
Free market controls
economic decisions
(businesses make what
consumers want)
Competition, supply &
demand regulate prices
Innovative; opportunity;
incentive to work; quick
to meet consumer needs
22. #18#18 Stalin’s Five-Year
Plans:
Build industry &
increase farm
output
Establish quotas to
be met in 5 year
intervals
Invest in heavy
industry, build big
things
Forced
Communism
23. #18 5-Year Plans: Success or Failure?#18 5-Year Plans: Success or Failure?
Soviet production in oil,
coal, steel, mining, &
military goods
increases.
Factories, hydroelectric
power, and railroads
built.
Most Russians remained
poor & endured a lower
standard of living
Less consumer goods,
lower quality goods
24. #19 Collectives#19 Collectives
Large, state-owned
farms, operated by
peasants as a group
Govt controlled prices
& supplies & set
production quotas.
Plan: grow enough
grain to feed city
workers, & export
surplus grain, finance
industrialization
25. #20#20 Stalin ruthlessly
eliminated opposition
Ukrainian kulaks faced
forced famine when
they tried to resist
collectivization
Govt seized their grain,
6 million die
