2. It was called by the name of classical because it was the first to be
reported in the psychological report. He was the first to perform
experiments to study how stimuli and responses associated. He
conducted a number of experiments to study the connection
between stimulus and responses. Theory of classical conditioning
considers learning has habit formation.
3. EXPERIMENT
Pavlov conducted a number of experiments in dog to
study how the stimulus and responses are associated by
simple surgical operations, a flow of saliva from a dog’s
mouth, was transfered to a glass tube at the sight of food,
the dog salivated then immediately before giving food to
the dog, a bell was rung. This experiment was repeated
for several days. After many days come the bell only but
did not give any food to the dog, still the dog secreated
saliva in the same quantity as before.
4.
5. Salivation at the sound of the bell is an acquired
response and this acquired response is called
as conditioned response(CR).
The process of strengthening a conditioned
response through reinforcement is called
conditioning.
OUTPUT
13. PROCESS OF CONDITIONING
Before conditioning
Before conditioning
During Conditioning
After conditioningUS (food) UR (saliva)
NS (neutral stimulus (bell) ) no
salivation
CS (bell) + US (food) salivation
CS (bell) (salivation) CR
16. PRINCIPLE OF REINFORCEMENT
According to Pavlov it was only the
reinforcement that lead to conditioning. In
classical conditioning US (food) is stated as
a reinforce.
17. PRINCIPLE OF TIME INTERWAL
There is an optimal time between the presentation
of the CS and US. Conditioning is slower if pairing
follows each other to quickly or too far apart.
18. PRINCIPLE OF EXTINCTION
The strength of CR gradually decreases to no
response at all if the CS is always repeated alone. If
the sound of the bell is not followed by food, the
dog stops to secreate saliva.
19. The reappearance of an extinguished behavior is called
spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery occurs when
a response reappears without any retraining after having
been extinguished.
PRINCIPLE OF SPONTANEUOS
RECOVERY
20. PRINCIPLE OF STIMULUS
GENERALSATION
Reaction to similar stimuli is called stimulus
generalization. Conditioned responses are elicited not
only by the conditioned stimulus but also by similar
stimuli.
21. PRINCIPLE OF STIMULUS
DESCRIMINATION
It occurs when subject learned to respond only to
certain stimulus but not to other stimuli. This is done
by regularly reinforcing stimulus and non reinforcing
the other.
22. PRINCIPLE OF HIGHER
ORDER CONDITIONING
When conditioning is done to a new stimulus on the
basis of a previously conditioned stimulus, it is
designated as higher order conditioning.
23. PRINCIPLE OF PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT
It is used to denote the stimulus connected with the
organisms basic psychological need systems. For example
food.
In secondary reinforcement, stimulus regularly associated
with primary reinforce aqquire the power to strengthen
behavior.
24. PRINCIPLE OF INHIBITION
There are two types of inhibitions external inhibition and internal
inhibition.
External inhibition:
onece the dog was conditioned but it was found not to
give conditioned response in the presence of strangers.
Internal inhibition:
physical health of the organism may block the response.