1.
“Trade in people and their

parts that involves the use of
improper means- e.g.
force, fraud, deception, coerci
on, or the abuse of power or
authority- to recruit or
transport them within or
across borders for the
purposes of exploitation.”
- UN Office on Drugs and
Crime, 2008

2.
Smuggling- unauthorized border crossings

Trafficking is a crime against a person, while

smuggling is the facilitated illegal entry from
one country to another
There is no coercion or forced labor involved in

smuggling
In the eyes of the law, a trafficked person is seen

as a victim, while a smuggled person is seen as a
criminal

3.
 Many types of people are trafficked
 Age, gender, level of education
 Many marginalized groups are at risk
(ethnicity, nationality, class background)
 Gender differences depending on type of work
 Migrants are vulnerable, due to tight immigration
laws and lack of knowledge about migration laws
 Orphaned children especially vulnerable (from HIV
or in areas of conflict)

4.
Economic

Social

Personal

Civil unrest

Political prosecution

Gender based

discrimination

5.
1) Process
2) Means
3) End

6.
Process-
Recruiting, harboring, moving, obtaining a person
Traffickers include:
▪ Recruiters
▪ Recruitment agencies
▪ Transporters
▪ Middlemen- who ‘buy’ and ‘sell’
▪ Debt collectors
▪ Employers

7.
Methods:
 Through
acquaintance/family
 Newspaper adds
 Fake employment
agencies
 Front businesses
 Abduction

8.
Means – force, fraud, coercion
 Low-risk enterprise for traffickers
 Organized crime, mafia etc.
 Informal networks
 Small-scale or shot-term
 Family based or freelance operations

9.
Methods:
 Threats of deportation
 Holding passports
 Threats to family members
 Isolation
 Verbal, physical and sexual abuse
 Giving drugs
 Providing misinformation

10.
End – involentary servitude, debt
bondage, slavery, sex trade
Adults (varies)- Particularly Women-
 Sweatshops  Domestic service
 Factory work  Marriages
 Agriculture  Sex trade
 Organ harvesting  Hotel/motel
housekeeping
 Begging/peddling
 Restaurant work

11.
Children-
Sex trade
Begging
Work in mines Early marriages
Soldiers Fishing
Crime Jockeys

12.
Lack of data

 Difficult to obtain data on trafficked
persons
 Majority seems to be women and children
Estimates of numbers vary

 Range from 500,00 to 4 million people
trafficked per year

13.
Both Domestic and international

Generally from poor areas of developing

countries into comparatively wealthier ones
 Several Regions- flow of trafficking:
▪ Europe and Eurasia
▪ Asia
▪ Latin America and US
▪ Middle East
▪ Africa
*Traffic also among regions

14.
destination
area
source
area
To Middle East

15.
To US
destination
area
source
area
To Middle East
Africa

16.
destination
area
source
area

17.
Criminal

Political

Anthropological

Sociological

Economic

Legal

Feminist


18.
 Although human trafficking is not a new
problem, the dynamics of globalization are
fueling its growth
 Though growing trade and effortless world travel
 Humans as commodities, as part of quot;hyper-
capitalismquot;
 Incorporation into global market supply and demand
 Global trade networks
 As migration and transnationalism
 Looking at a variety of motivating factors
 Transnational networks

19.
 Influences the economic “push” and “pull”
 Changing lures of immigration
 Tight immigration laws: promote alternate
migration practices
 Trafficking becoming part of the global economy
 Transnational network
 Exploit uneven development

20.
 Combination of political corruption and
organized crime promotes significant growth
on global scale
 Political instability/corruption -> vulnerability
 Traffickers take advantage of
 transparent borders,
 broadband communication
 Political/economic upheaval
 Mass migrations

21.
 The global effort to combat human trafficking is
organized around prevention, prosecution, and
protection
 Economic development, with a special emphasis on
women and girls, constitutes perhaps the best long-
term approach to combating human trafficking.
 Prosecution of traffickers also has a strong prevention
aspect. Breaking up trafficking networks and
imprisoning traffickers stops the recruitment and
movement of trafficked persons.
 Between 2001 and 2005, the United States successfully
convicted only 138 human traffickers (US DOJ, 2006

22.
A Slow War on Human Trafficking

 Julia Mead, NY Times, May 2006
Globalization and Human Trafficking

 Loring Jones, Journal of Sociology and Social
Welfare, v. 34, 2007
Human Trafficking:

Globalization, Exploitation, and
Transnational Sociology,
 Stephanie A. Limoncelli, Sociology Compass, v.
3, Dec 2008