1. Analysis of the EnglishAnalysis of the English
Word and SentenceWord and Sentence
StructureStructure
2. ObjectivesObjectives
1.1. Recognize different types ofRecognize different types of
morphemes and their functionsmorphemes and their functions
2.2. State the form, meaning and rule ofState the form, meaning and rule of
combination for the morphemescombination for the morphemes
3.3. Analyze the internal structure of theAnalyze the internal structure of the
English words in order to know theirEnglish words in order to know their
formations and meanings.formations and meanings.
4.4. Specify each unit within wordsSpecify each unit within words
correctly.correctly.
3. Look at this Video.Look at this Video.
Warm UpWarm Up
7. MorphologyMorphology
• Morph (form) + ology (science of)Morph (form) + ology (science of)
• -- > Morphology (the science of word forms)-- > Morphology (the science of word forms)
• The study of the internal structure of words,The study of the internal structure of words,
andand
• The rules by which words are formedThe rules by which words are formed
8. MorphemesMorphemes
• Look at the following wordsLook at the following words
• LikelyLikely unlikely developedunlikely developed
undevelopedundeveloped
• un- is a prefix means No.un- is a prefix means No.
• -ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.-ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.
• -ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix-ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix
morpheme.morpheme.
10. What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
• Dictionary:Dictionary:
• MorphemeMorpheme
• (môr(môr''fēm')fēm')
• n.n.
• A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, suchA meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such
asas man,man, or a word element, such asor a word element, such as -ed-ed inin walked,walked, thatthat
cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
• morphemicmorphemic mor·phem'icmor·phem'ic adj.adj.
• morphemicallymorphemically mor·phem'i·cal·lymor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.adv.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme
11. • Definitions:Definitions:
A morpheme is the minimal unit of
meaning.
• Example:Example: un+system+atic+al+ly un+system+atic+al+ly
• Note: morphemes ≠ words
What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
12. Examples of MorphemesExamples of Morphemes
• One morpheme One morpheme boy (one syllable)boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables), or moresalamander (four syllables), or more
syllablessyllables
• Two morpheme Two morpheme boy + ishboy + ish
desire + abledesire + able
• Three morpheme Three morpheme boy + ish + nessboy + ish + ness
desire + able + itydesire + able + ity
• Four morpheme Four morpheme gentle + man + li + nessgentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ityun + desire + able + ity
• More than four More than four un + gentle + man + li + nessun + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +
an + isman + ism
13. In all language, discrete linguisticIn all language, discrete linguistic
units combine rule-governed ways tounits combine rule-governed ways to
form larger unitsform larger units
• Sound units combine to formSound units combine to form
morphemes,morphemes,
• morphemes combine to form frommorphemes combine to form from
wordswords
• word combine to form phrasesword combine to form phrases
• phrases combine to form sentencesphrases combine to form sentences
14. What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
between morphemesbetween morphemes
and words?and words?
15. • Humans can understand words thatHumans can understand words that
have never been heard beforehave never been heard before
• Human can also create new wordsHuman can also create new words
• For exampleFor example,, a writa writableable CDCD
aa rerewritwritableable CDCD
anan ununrerewritwritableable CDCD
What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
between morphemes and words?between morphemes and words?
16. How many typesHow many types
of morphemes are there?of morphemes are there?
• Bound morphemesBound morphemes
• Free morphemesFree morphemes
• Root morphemesRoot morphemes
• Stem morphemesStem morphemes
• Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes
• Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes
• Affixes: prefixes andAffixes: prefixes and
suffixessuffixes
• Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
19. Bound morphemesBound morphemes
• Bound morphemesBound morphemes (affixes) must be(affixes) must be
attached to the word.attached to the word.
• They are prefixes, infixes, suffixesThey are prefixes, infixes, suffixes
and circumfixes.and circumfixes.
• Such as {clude} as in include, exclude,
preclude) or they may be grammatical
(such as {PLU} = plural as in boys,
girls, and cats).
20. Free morphemesFree morphemes
• Free morphemes are those that can
stand alone as words.
• Example: Example: girl, system, desire, girl, system, desire,
hope, act, phone, happyhope, act, phone, happy
21. Root morphemesRoot morphemes
• AA rootroot is a morphemes that cannot beis a morphemes that cannot be
analyzed into smaller parts.analyzed into smaller parts.
• Example:Example: cran (as in cranberry), act,cran (as in cranberry), act,
beauty, system, etc.. beauty, system, etc..
• Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone,Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone,
etc.etc.
• Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc. uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
22. • AA stemstem is formed when a rootis formed when a root
morphemes is combined with anmorphemes is combined with an
affix.affix.
• Other affixes can be added to aOther affixes can be added to a
stem to form a more complexstem to form a more complex
stem. stem.
Stem morphemesStem morphemes
23. Example of word formationExample of word formation
• Root believe (verb)Root believe (verb)
• Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)
• Word un + believe + ableWord un + believe + able
(prefix +verb + suffix) (prefix +verb + suffix)
24. Example of word formationExample of word formation
• RootRoot systemsystem
• StemStem system + aticsystem + atic
• StemStem un + system + aticun + system + atic
• StemStem un + system + atic + alun + system + atic + al
• WordWord un + system + atic + al + lyun + system + atic + al + ly
25. It’s time to relax
Are you tried?
Let’s listen to the song
26. Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes
• Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a newRoot + Derivational Morpheme --> a new
word with a new meaning. (usuallyword with a new meaning. (usually
change grammatical class)change grammatical class)
• N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.
Ex. Boy + ish,Ex. Boy + ish,
• Verb + Derivational Morpheme --> NounVerb + Derivational Morpheme --> Noun
Ex. Acquitt + al, clear + anceEx. Acquitt + al, clear + ance
• Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->
Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + lyAdverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly
27. Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes haveInflectional morphemes have
grammatical meaning or function in thegrammatical meaning or function in the
sentence.sentence.
• They never changeThey never change part of speech.
• For example,For example,
• Bound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connectionBound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connection
with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)
• Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -edBound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed
• He sails the ocean blue.He sails the ocean blue.
• He sailed the ocean blue.He sailed the ocean blue.
28. Eight English InflectionalEight English Inflectional
MorphemesMorphemes
• -s-s 3rd p sg present3rd p sg present
• -ed-ed past tensepast tense
• -ing progressive-ing progressive
• -en-en past participlepast participle
• -s-s pluralplural
• -’s-’s possessivepossessive
• -er-er comparativecomparative
• -est-est superlativesuperlative
• She waitShe waitss at home.at home.
• She waitShe waiteded at home.at home.
• She is eatShe is eatinging the donuts.the donuts.
• Mary has eatMary has eatenen the donuts.the donuts.
• She ate the donutShe ate the donutss..
• LisaLisa’s’s hair is short.hair is short.
• LisaLisa hashas shortshorterer hair than Kate.hair than Kate.
• Lisa has the shortLisa has the shortestest hair.hair.
29. The major differences betweenThe major differences between
derivational and inflectionalderivational and inflectional
morphologymorphology
Derivational Inflectional
position closer to stem
further from
stem
addable on
to?
yes not in English
changes
stem?
yes no
productive? (often) no (usually) yes
meaning?
(often)
unpredictable
predictable
30.
31. Affixes: prefixes and suffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes
• AffixAffix: a morpheme that comes at the: a morpheme that comes at the
beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)
of a base morpheme. of a base morpheme.
• NoteNote: An affix usually is a morpheme: An affix usually is a morpheme
that cannot stand alone. that cannot stand alone.
• ExamplesExamples:: -ful-ful,, -ly-ly,, -it-ity,y, -nes-ness. A fews. A few
exceptions areexceptions are ableable,, likelike, and, and lessless..
32. Affixes: prefixes and suffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes
• PrefixPrefix: an affix that comes before a: an affix that comes before a
base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The inin in the wordin the word
inspectinspect is a prefix.is a prefix.
• SuffixSuffix: an affix that comes after a: an affix that comes after a
base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The ss inin catscats is ais a
suffix.suffix.
33. Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix andAffixes (prefix, suffix, infix and
circumfix) are all bound morphemes.circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes
Bound
morphemes
which occur
only before
other
morphemes.
Examples:
un- (uncover,
undo)
dis-
(displeased,
disconnect),
pre-
(predetermine
, prejudge)
Bound
morphemes
which occur
following
other
morphemes.
Examples:
-er (singer,
performer)
-ist (typist,
pianist)
-ly (manly,
friendly)
Bound
morphemes
which are
inserted into
other
morphemes.
Example:
Fikas
"strong"
fumikas "to be
strong"
Bound
morphemes
that are
attached to a
root or stem
morpheme
both initially
and finally.
Example:
chokma "he is
good"
ik + chokm +
o "he isn?t?
good"
34. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
• What is the difference in meaningWhat is the difference in meaning
betweenbetween appleapple andand applesapples??
• What is the difference in form?What is the difference in form?
• What does this tell you about theseWhat does this tell you about these
two words?two words?
35. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
• Words can have an internal structure muchWords can have an internal structure much
like the syntax of phrases.like the syntax of phrases.
• Morphemes such asMorphemes such as thethe,, -s-s, and, and -ed-ed near thenear the
grammatical end of the continuum are calledgrammatical end of the continuum are called
grammatical morphemesgrammatical morphemes..
• Note that grammatical morphemes includeNote that grammatical morphemes include
forms that we can consider to be words likeforms that we can consider to be words like
thethe,, aa,, andand, and, and ofof and others that make upand others that make up
parts of words likeparts of words like –s and -ed–s and -ed..
• Examples.Examples.
pencilpencilss walkwalkeded
36. What are theWhat are the
differences betweendifferences between
each typeeach type
of morphemes?of morphemes?
37. What is the functionWhat is the function
of each type ofof each type of
morphemes?morphemes?
38. What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
among each type ofamong each type of
morphemes?morphemes?
39. What is the differenceWhat is the difference
between content/lexicalbetween content/lexical
words andwords and
function/grammaticalfunction/grammatical
words?words?
40. Content WordsContent Words
• Content wordsContent words denote concepts suchdenote concepts such
as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun,as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun,
verb, adjective, adverb)verb, adjective, adverb)
• Content wordsContent words are open class wordsare open class words
(new words can be added)(new words can be added)
• Example of new words :Example of new words :
Steganography (the art of hidingSteganography (the art of hiding
information in electronic text)information in electronic text)
41. Function WordsFunction Words
• Function wordsFunction words express Grammaticalexpress Grammatical
Functions (e.g., preposition, article,Functions (e.g., preposition, article,
conjunctions, pronouns)conjunctions, pronouns)
• Function wordsFunction words connect the contentconnect the content
words to the larger grammatical context.words to the larger grammatical context.
• Functions wordsFunctions words are also called ‘closedare also called ‘closed
class’ words (no new words can be addedclass’ words (no new words can be added
to this class.)to this class.)
43. "First say to yourself what"First say to yourself what
you would be, and then doyou would be, and then do
whatwhat
you have to do."you have to do."
45. Different types of words fromDifferent types of words from
different formations.different formations.
• Derived wordsDerived words
• Lexical gapsLexical gaps
• Compounds: also how to differentiateCompounds: also how to differentiate
compounds from noun phrasescompounds from noun phrases
• AcronymsAcronyms
• Back formationsBack formations
• Abbreviations/Truncation/ClippingAbbreviations/Truncation/Clipping
• EponymsEponyms
• BlendsBlends
46. Derived wordsDerived words
== new wordsnew words withwith new meaningsnew meanings formedformed
fromfrom
stem + derivational morphemestem + derivational morpheme
e.g. ir + regular = irregulare.g. ir + regular = irregular
47. Lexical GapsLexical Gaps
• Well-formed but nonexistent wordWell-formed but nonexistent word
• Reason : a permissible sequence has noReason : a permissible sequence has no
meaning attached to it <like “blick” ormeaning attached to it <like “blick” or
“slarm” or “krobe”>“slarm” or “krobe”>
• Possible combinations of morpheme thatPossible combinations of morpheme that
never come into use (Ex.never come into use (Ex.
“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”)“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”)
• A word like *bnick is not a lexical gap inA word like *bnick is not a lexical gap in
English because English does not allowEnglish because English does not allow
the sequence of ‘bn’the sequence of ‘bn’
48. CompoundsCompounds
• Word + word = compound word (the
meaning may or may not change)
• When the two words are in the same
grammatical category, the compound will
be in this category.
• Ex. home (n.) + work (n.) =
homework(noun)
• pick (v.) + pocket (n.) = pickpocket
(noun)
49. • Compounds can consist of more than
two words:
• Two-word compounds are the most
common in English.
• Three–word compounds: three-time
loser
• Four– word compounds: four-
dimensional space-time
52. Meaning of compoundsMeaning of compounds
• Same meaning as the parts : a
boathouse = (a house for boats)
• New meaning but related to the
meaning of the individual parts :
• a blackboard (can be in other colors,
not just black)
• a Redcoat (slang for British soldier
during the American Revolutionary
War)
56. AcronymsAcronyms
• Acronyms are word derived from he
initials of several word
• NASA <National Aeronautics and
Space Agency>
• UNESCO <United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization>
57. Back formationsBack formations
• A new word may enter the languageA new word may enter the language
because of an incorrect morphologicalbecause of an incorrect morphological
analysis.analysis.
• Example,Example, peddlepeddle was derived fromwas derived from
peddlerpeddler on the mistaken assumptionon the mistaken assumption
that the – er was suffix.that the – er was suffix.
• stoke --> stokerstoke --> stoker
• edit --> editoredit --> editor
59. • Eponyms are word form proper names.
• Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo
EponymsEponyms
60. BlendsBlends
• Similar to compounds but parts of
the words that are combined have
been deleted.
• Example: smog <from ‘smoke + fog’>,
motel <from ‘motor + hotel’>
61. The hierarchical structure of wordsThe hierarchical structure of words
represented by the treerepresented by the tree
diagramdiagram
• A word is not a simple sequence ofA word is not a simple sequence of
morphemes.morphemes.
• It has an internal structure asIt has an internal structure as
shown in the following treeshown in the following tree
diagram:diagram:
62. Tree diagramsTree diagrams
N.N.
Adj.Adj. nessness
unun Adj.Adj.
happyhappy
Morphological RulesMorphological Rules
1. un + happy --> Adj.1. un + happy --> Adj.
2. Adj. + ness --> N.2. Adj. + ness --> N.
63. Other terms according toOther terms according to
word formation:word formation:
• Rule productivityRule productivity
• Universality of compoundingUniversality of compounding
• Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception
• ExpletiveExpletive
• AllomorphsAllomorphs
• Default/elsewhereDefault/elsewhere
• Homophonous morphemesHomophonous morphemes
• ReduplicationReduplication
64. Rule productivityRule productivity
• Morphological Rules are ProductiveMorphological Rules are Productive
because:because:
• They can be used freely to form newThey can be used freely to form new
words from the list of free and boundwords from the list of free and bound
morpheme.morpheme.
• Some morphemes are more productiveSome morphemes are more productive
than others.than others.
• Productive morphemes: Ex.Productive morphemes: Ex. -able-able oror -er-er
• Less productive morphemes: Ex. –letLess productive morphemes: Ex. –let
(piglet)(piglet)
65. Universality of compoundingUniversality of compounding
• Universality compoundingUniversality compounding is a commonis a common
and frequent process for enlargingand frequent process for enlarging
the vocabulary of all language.the vocabulary of all language.
• ExEx.. In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw,In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw,
‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The
word for ‘watch cat’ is the compoundword for ‘watch cat’ is the compound
mєєwfânbâan – literally,mєєwfânbâan – literally,
‘catwatchhouse’‘catwatchhouse’
66. Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception
• SuppletivesSuppletives are treated separately inare treated separately in
the grammar, they cannot use thethe grammar, they cannot use the
regular rules of inflectionalregular rules of inflectional
morphology to add affixes to themorphology to add affixes to the
word. The exception:word. The exception:
• Ex.Ex. child --> children
woman --> women
67. AllomorphAllomorph
Different form of morphemes that have theDifferent form of morphemes that have the
same meaningsame meaning
e.g. ir-, il-, im-, in- = note.g. ir-, il-, im-, in- = not
-en, -ø = to make to become …-en, -ø = to make to become …
irirregular,regular, ilillegal,legal, imimpossible,possible, inincompletecomplete
to brightto brightenen our mindour mind
to brownto brownøø the garlicthe garlic
68. Zero morpheme/Zero morpheme/
default/elsewheredefault/elsewhere
A zero morpheme is aA zero morpheme is a
morpheme, consisting of nomorpheme, consisting of no
form, that is proposed in someform, that is proposed in some
analyses as ananalyses as an allomorphallomorph of aof a
morphememorpheme that is ordinarilythat is ordinarily
realized by a morph havingrealized by a morph having
some phonetic form.some phonetic form.
brownbrown (adj) + Ø >(adj) + Ø > brownbrown (verb)(verb)
= "to make to become= "to make to become brown/-brown/-erer""
darkdark (adj) + _en >(adj) + _en > darkendarken (verb)(verb)
69.
70. Homophonous morphemesHomophonous morphemes
• HomophonesHomophones: morphemes that: morphemes that
sound alike but have differentsound alike but have different
meanings and spellings. meanings and spellings.
• ExamplesExamples:: bearbear,, barebare;; plainplain,, planeplane;;
citecite,, sightsight,, sitesite..
71. ReduplicationReduplication
• Reduplication is
the morphological
process by which
all or part of a
word is copied or
duplicated
• Some examples
from Lakhota:
basebase ReduplicatedReduplicated
formform
glossgloss
gígí gigígigí ‘‘to be rustyto be rusty
brown’brown’
skáská skaskáskaská ‘‘to beto be
white’white’
sháshá shasháshashá ‘‘to be red’to be red’
thóthó thothóthothó ‘‘to be blueto be blue
or green’or green’
zízí zizízizí ‘‘to beto be
yellow’yellow’