1. PRE-HISTORY (time before writing or this class:)

2. Scientists who search for human origins Archeologists excavate early settlements & study evidence (artifacts, bones) Anthropologist study culture thru artifacts Paleontologists study fossils

3. Artifacts - human made objects such as tools & jewelry (can tell us how people dressed, worked or worshipped) Culture-people’s unique way of life

4. LUCY(complete skull of an female adult hominid who lived 3.5 mil yrs ago) found by David Johanson in Ethiopia in 1974

5. 1978 near Laetoli Tanzania, Mary Leakey found prehistoric footprints made 3.6 mil years ago

6. Prints left by australopithecines (human like beings) aka: Hominids, a group that includes humans & other species that walk upright dev opposable thumbs (crucial to make tools, hold objects)

7. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2.5 mil to 8000 BC) had: a. invention of tools b. Dev of language c. Mastery of fire *AKA the Ice Age as glaciers advanced & retreated

8. Neolithic Age or New Stone Age(8000 to 3000 BC) a. People learned to make polished stone tools b. make pottery, c. grow crops d. raise animals

10. Homo hablis: 2.5 mil years a. found in Olduvai gorge, made crude tools

11. Homo erectus: 1.6 mil yrs a. Dev technology, migrated from Africa to Asia, Eur & India b. 1st to use fire, beginning of spoken language

12. Homo-sapiens have larger brains & include: Neanderthals: 200,000-30,000 years ago Dev ritual burials, religious beliefs, built shelters, made tools

13. Homo sapiens alsoinclude: Cro-Magnons- 40,000 years ago 5.5 feet tall Planned hunts Spoken language

14. Advances in Technology and Art

15. Early people were Nomads (highly mobile, moved to search for food) Develop technology: ways of applying knowledge, tools & inventions to meet needs

16. Used bone, wood, & stone to create tools (knives, hooks, needles, harpoons) And for weapons: spears, axe

17. Necklaces of claws, polished bone Sculptures Cave paintings using paint from charcoal, mud & blood

18. Beginning of Agriculture: Neolithic Revolution caused by: rising temps led to longer growing season Pop rose, so need new sources of food Slash and burn farming

19. Domestication (taming) of animals such as pgs, horses, dogs goats (driven in to be slaughtered, later raised) Farming dev independently all over world : Africa in Nile Valley, China in Huang He, Mexico, Peru in Andes

21. Civilization develops!!

22. Stable communities dev based on agriculture food surpluses (thanks to irrigation, tools) allow other skills to develop Trade dev w/ new products created (wheel and sail allow goods to move over long distances)

23. What is a Civilization? It is an advanced society that is highly organized . Don’t write: Civilizations are characterized by: 1. permanent settlements, 2. trade, labor, workers 3. government, laws, religion & social hierarchy 4. written language, 5. achievement in technology, art & architecture.

25. 5 Characteristics 1. Advanced Cities/Settlements Not just size of pop City is center of trade for large area Market for goods

26. 5 Characteristics 2. Specialized Workers Specialization: dev of skills in a specific kind of work surplus of food allowed people to become experts in other areas. Artisans: skilled workers who make goods by hand

27. 5 Characteristics .3. Complex Institutions (govt/Religion) Institution: long lasting pattern of organization in a community Examples include govt, religion & economy Need to maintain order & est laws

29. 4. Record Keeping As govt, econ & religion get more complex, people needed way to keep records. (taxes, laws, rituals etc) Most develop system of writing Later write about dramatic events

30. 5. Improved Technology New tools & techniques needed to solve problems Ex: plows, pottery wheels Change from stone & copper to bronze Art & architecture develop

31. Social classes (w/ wealth, power, influence) emerge as special groups of workers form Religion more organized w/ gods/goddesses who they believed had power over nature Rituals & traditions develop