This document is from a history textbook about the period of imperial breakdown between Britain and its American colonies from 1763-1774. It discusses the political and economic challenges facing Britain after the French and Indian War, including rising debt levels. It then covers the colonial protests against new taxes like the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts, which colonists viewed as "taxation without representation." These protests were informed by republican ideology that emphasized civil liberties and limited government power. The document analyzes the key events that increased tensions, from the Stamp Act crisis to the Boston Tea Party, pushing the colonies toward open rebellion against Britain.
Having apparently originated in a May Day–like celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act in the spring of 1766, liberty poles were particularly characteristic of New York City, where citizens of all social classes supported their erection (as in the picture). However, British soldiers repeatedly destroyed them, thereby prompting serious rioting. Elsewhere, liberty trees served similar symbolic functions. John C. McRae of New York published this print in 1875.
Cunne Shote, one of three Cherokee chiefs who visited London in 1762, had this portrait painted there by Francis Parsons.
MAP 5–1 Colonial Settlement and the Proclamation Line of 1763 This map depicts the regions claimed and settled by the major groups competing for territory in eastern North America. With the Proclamation Line of 1763, positioned along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, the British government tried to stop the westward migration of settlers under its jurisdiction and thereby limit conflict with the Indians. The result, however, was frustration and anger on the part of land-hungry settlers.
A satirical British engraving from 1766 showing English politicians burying the Stamp Act, “born 1765 died 1766.” The warehouses in the background symbolize the revival of trade with America.
FIGURE 5–1 Value of American Exports to and Imports from England, 1763–1776 This figure depicts the value of American exports to and imports from England. The decrease of imports in 1765–1766 and the even sharper drop in 1769 illustrate the effect of American boycotts in response to the Stamp Act and Townshend duties. Data Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 1 (1975).
This depiction of Governor William Tryon’s confrontation with the North Carolina Regulators during May 1771 was produced at Philadelphia in 1876 by F.O.C. Darley (1822–1888).
MAP 5–2 The Quebec Act of 1774 The Quebec Act enlarged the boundaries of the Canadian province southward to the Ohio River and westward to the Mississippi, thereby depriving several colonies of claims to the area granted them by their original charters.
This participant at the Tea Party convention, held in Nashville in February 2010, donned a Revolutionary-era costume to illustrate the movement’s identification with the original Boston Tea Party.
This image shows John Malcolm, an unpopular customs commissioner, being tarred and feathered in Boston. By 1774, radicals threatened others who defended British measures with similar punishment.