Mesopotamia

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mesopotamia The Cradle of Civilization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cuneiform = Sumerian script – from Latin - cuneus = "wedge," forma = "shape."

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Early pictographic tablet 3100 BCE ,[object Object],[object Object]

Geography North – Taurus Mountains North East – Zagros Mountains

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The Natural levee: create a high and safe flood plain made irrigation and canal construction easy provide protection reeds growing on the river banks provided food for cattle reeds used as building resources Wetland (swamps) in the area provided fish & waterfowl Question: how did this harsh environment affect the people? (See textbook p. 40)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image Courtesy NASA earth observatory The Tigris River as seen from space

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Sumer - the first civilization Study the “Standard of Ur” in Echoes, page 45, and list the innovations that made Sumeria a successful civilization. (follow the criteria for civilization on p.37) The "Standard of Ur" (2600 BC ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

writing - cuneiform ,[object Object],Scribes used a writing tool with a squared-off end instead of a point. The end of this tool was used to press wedge shapes like these into clay tablets. bird head barley c. 3100

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Writing tool - Each wedge was made by pressing the writing tool into the clay at an angle. On this tablet the signs the for the city of Lagash appear together inside a box.

The Legal System The god Shamash gives Hammurabi the code of laws ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],King Hammurabi Study the pictures above. Explain the meaning. How can this be seen as propaganda?

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tablet containing mathematics exercises and questions, written in Akkadian dating back to around 1700 BCE.

Religion Polytheistic religion consisting of over 3600 gods and demigods Prominent Mesopotamian gods Enlil (supreme god & god of air) Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life) An (god of heaven) Enki (god of water & underworld) Shamash (god of sun and giver of law) Ishtar (with mace) and Shamash (on right) receiving worshippers

Some of the Mesopotamian gods/goddesses and other mythological characters

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ea (Enki) Ea is the god of fresh waters known as 'apsu' on which the Earth floats. He is a god of wisdom, farming, building, magic and arts and crafts.

At the beginning of time there were only gods and goddesses on earth. They had to work the land to grow crops to eat. This was difficult and they worked very hard Each god and goddess had a job to do. Some dug the fields and planted the crops. Others brought water to the fields in ditches which had to be kept clear of weeds. The work was hard, and they were not happy. They got together to discuss what could be done to lighten their workload.

They went to get advice from Enki, who was wise and clever. Enki was fast asleep in his underwater house Enki suggested that he create creatures to serve them by working the land. Then the gods' and goddesses' lives would be easier. The gods and goddesses thought that Enki's plan was a good solution. Enki collected clay from around his watery home and used it to make humans.

He breathed life into the clay figures, but he limited how long they would live. Only the gods and goddesses would live forever. The humans were put to work in the fields. As servants of the gods and goddesses they had to provide them with food and drink for their tables. The humans took water from the rivers and fed the dry and lifeless lands. They dug the soil and planted crops.

With hard work the humans brought life to the land, and the gods and goddesses, who had brought life to the humans, were happy......... for the moment........... http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/gods/story/sto_set.html

Epic of Gilgamesh Vs. Noah’s Ark – Similarities, Differences, Significance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Babylonia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Assyria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

This is a section of wall relief from the palace of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II. The palace was built at Nimrud in about 875 B.C.

Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamia