This is my chapter 7 presentation

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMAnatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System The organs of respiratory system are the Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes lungs

2. NASAL CAVITY Nasal cavityThe nasal cavityor nasal fossais a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face Function The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae, the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. In addition, the air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae, short, thick hairs, present in the vestibule. The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the particulate matter towards the pharynx where it passes into the esophagus and is digested in the stomach.

3. PHARYNX Pharynx: In Greek: means “throat” cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. Thick fibres of muscle and connective tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures. The pharynx consists of three main divisions. The anterior portion is the nasal pharynx, the back section of the nasal cavity. The nasal pharynx connects to the second region, the oral pharynxby means of a passage called an isthmus. The oral pharynx begins at the back of the mouth cavity and continues down the throat to the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that covers the air passage to the lungs and that channels food to the esophagus. Triangular-shaped recesses in the walls of this region house the palatine tonsils, two masses of lymphatic tissue prone to infection.

4. LARYNXLARYNX Larynx: The larynx is a special part of the body that functions as an airway to the lungs as well as providing us with a way of communicating (vocalizing). These functions are all possible because of the skeletal components and the muscles that act on them. The skeleton of the larynx is made up of the hyoid bone and several cartilages The thyroid cartilage is made up of two laminae that fuse anteriorly for form the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple). The angle that they make is usually more acute in males and therefore, is more prominent. The inferior horns articulate with the sides of the cricoid cartilage and form the cricothyroid joint where the thyroid cartilage rocks back and forth at this point. The cricoid cartilage is the only complete cartilage of the larynx. Anteriorly is the cricoid arch. The arch expands as you trace it posteriorly where it forms a square-shaped lamina. The arytenoid cartilages sit on top of the cricoid lamina, posteriorly and articulate there at the cricoarytenoid joints. The arytenoid cartilages slide medially and laterally, anteriorly and posteriorly and rotate at these joints

5. TRACHEA Trachea: the trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus. This mucus lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm. The trachea has an inner diameter of about 21 to 27 millimetres (0.83 to 1.1 in) and a length of about 10 to 16 centimetres (3.9 to 6.3 in). It commences at the larynx level with the fifth cervical vertebra. The following are diseases and conditions that affect the trachea : Choking Tracheotomy, a surgical procedure on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea Tracheomalaciaalso weakening of the tracheal cartilage Tracheal collapse in dogs Tracheobronchialinjury perforation of the trachea or bronchi Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, causes abnormal enlargement of the trachea)

6. BRONCHIAL TUBES Bronchial tubes: bronchial tubes are the tubes where air passes through your lungs. When you breathe air in, it passes from your nose or mouth, through the larynx, and into the trachea or wind pipe. From your trachea, air splits off into your right and left main bronchial tubes, or right and left main bronchus. As your bronchial tubes continue to branch off and get smaller and smaller, they are referred to as bronchi and then bronchioles . Your airways terminate at the alveoli, where exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place. Asthma affects the bronchial tubes by causing inflammation that can lead to bronchoconstriction and symptoms, such as: Wheezing Chest tightness Shortness of breath Cough Asthma usually does not permanently damage the structure of the bronchial tubes, but other diseases can, such as: Recurrent infections Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis Immune disorders Foreign body

7. LUNG Lung: The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic. The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli. The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity -- also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath. Some Lung Conditions Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Damage to the lungs results in difficulty blowing air out, causing shortness of breath. Smoking is by far the most common cause of COPD. Emphysema: A form of COPD usually caused by smoking. The fragile walls between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis : Repeated, frequent episodes of productive cough, usually caused by smoking. Breathing also becomes difficult in this form of COPD. Pneumonia : Infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, are the most common cause. Asthma : The lungs' airways (bronchi) become inflamed and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and wheezing. Allergies, viral infections, or air pollution often trigger asthma symptoms.