1. How to create a
Bibliography:
using the APA Referencing Style

2. What is a Bibliography?
?
! A Bibliography is a list of all material
used in the preparation of your
assignment. It is usually in alphabetical
order of author's surname. If a resource
has no author, list it in alphabetical
order by the first 3 letters of the title,
ignoring the words A, and The at the
beginning of a title.

3. Hints
! Remember to write down the
:
bibliographic details of a resource as
you use it. Don't wait until the end of
the assignment, when you have returned
some of the resources, and think 'which
book did I use? Where is it?'

4. What bibliographic details
do I need to reference
different types of
resources?

5. Book
! Author's surname, author's initial.
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title – italics.
! Place of publication: Publisher.
• Kourik, R. (2010). The lavender garden. San Francisco: Chronicle
Books
•

6. Book chapter
! Author's surname, author's initial – of chapter
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title of chapter
! Author's surname, author's initial – of book
! Title of book – italics.
! Pages of chapter
! Place of publication: Publisher.
• Prinze, T.P. (2001). Colours of the rainbow. In F.M. Hood & T.S.
Center (Eds.). Colour spectrums. (pp. 74-85). New York, NY: Scott
Press.
•

7. Journal article
• Author surname, Initial
• Publication date - in brackets
• Title of article',
• Title of periodical - italics,
• Volume,
• Number in brackets
• Page number
• Smith, M., & Brown, L. (2010). A look at gaming in education.
Schools and Education, 12(6), 123-134.

8. Electronic journal article
from online database
• Author surname, Initial
• Publication date - in brackets
• Title of article',
• Title of periodical - italics,
• Volume,
• Number in brackets
• Page number
• Retrieved from – URL of online database
.
• Baker, V., Smiths, K., & Dodd, Y. (2010). Changing careers in mid stream.
Australian Journal of Careers, 23(4), 19–25. Retrieved from http://
www.jstor.org/

9. Newspaper article
! Author surname, Initial.
! Publication date - in brackets
! Title of article',
! Title of newspaper - italics,
! Page number.
! Shaw, P. (2011, May 12). Mining shares drop, The Australian, p.12.

10. Encyclopedia article
! Author's surname, author's initial – of article
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title of article.
! Volume number and pages of encyclopedia
! Place of publication: Publisher
• Barker, D. (2007). Tiger cubs. In International encyclopedia of
animals. (Vol. 3, pp. 22-27). New York: N.Y.: Notable Press.

11. Audio Visual Material
• Surname and initials of producer
. Surname and initials of writer/director
• Production date (in brackets)
• Title in italics
• Media type in square brackets
• Place of production
• Studio name
Movie: Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director).
(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States:
Paramount Pictures.
DVD: same as above but [DVD] in square brackets
TV program: Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and
Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

12. Webpage with an author
. Author surname and initials
• Date webpage created – in brackets . Hint: you will find this at the
bottom of the page
• Title of web page in italics
• Retrieved and date retrieved
• from full URL
• Luikkonen ,P. (2008). Roald Dahl (1916-1990). Retrieved October 2,
2011, from http://kirjasto.sci.fi/rdahl.htm
•
•

13. Webpage with no author
. Title of webpage in italics
• Date webpage created (in brackets) Hint: you will find this at the
bottom of the page
• Retrieved and date retrieved
• from full URL
• Roald Dahl. (2011) Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://
www.roalddahl.com/.
•
•

14. Personal communication
! Forms of personal communication include letters, telephone
conversations, personal interviews and e-mail messages.
! These are not included in your bibliography as they cannot be
traced by the reader.
! You should refer to your source in the text of your assignment (in-
text referencing).
• Examples:
• D. Scott reported that 111 mm of rain fell in Turramurra yesterday.
(personal communication, October 10, 2010)
. …races. (S.Smith, personal communication, May 24, 2011)...