1. Splash Screen

2. Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1 Miners and Ranchers Section 2 Farming the Plains Section 3 Native Americans Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

3. Intro 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

7. Intro 5 Why It Matters After the Civil War, a dynamic period in American history opened–the settlement of the West. The lives of Western miners, farmers, and ranchers were often filled with great hardships, but the wave of American settlers continued. Railroads hastened this migration. During this period, many Native Americans lost their homelands and their way of life.

9. Intro 7 continued on next slide

10. Intro 8

11. End of Intro

14. Section 1-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Economic Factors People migrated to the West in search of economic opportunity.

15. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

20. Section 1-9 How did the mining industry affect towns and cities in the West? Mining caused a cycle of boom and bust–from boomtown to ghost town. During booms, crime was a serious problem. Vigilance committees formed to track down and punish wrongdoers. The mining industry in Colorado led to the building of railroads through the Rocky Mountains. Denver became the supply point for the mining areas and the second largest city in the West. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 286–288) Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)

26. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did the invention and use of barbed wire affect the cattle industry? The long cattle drives and open grazing ended when the open range was largely fenced off with barbed wire. Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.) (pages 288–291)

27. Section 1-16 Checking for Understanding __ 1. a stray calf with no identifying symbol __ 2. method of extracting minerals involving digging beneath the surface __ 3. method of extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools, like picks, shovels, and pans __ 4. driving cattle long distances to a railroad depot for fast transport and great profit __ 5. vast areas of grassland owned by the federal government A. placer mining B. quartz mining C. open range D. long drive E. maverick Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A E D C

28. Section 1-17 Checking for Understanding (cont.) List the factors that contributed to the rise of the cattle industry. Factors include emergence of the longhorn breed, higher beef prices, and railroad transportation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

29. Section 1-18 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain how cattle ranching shifted from open range to an organized business operation. Barbed wire eliminated long drives, and the cowboy became a ranch hand . Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

30. Section 1-19 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Economic Factors What two developments in the late 1800s led to the decline of the cattle business? An oversupply of cattle drove down prices, and the winter of 1886 to 1887 killed a large number of cattle.

31. Section 1-20 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Evaluating How did the mining industry contribute to the development of the West? People moved west, towns sprung up, and railroads expanded.

32. Section 1-21 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Maps Study the map detailing the western mining country and cattle trails on page 289 of your textbook. Then create your own thematic map detailing either the cattle country or the mining country. Maps will vary.

33. Section 1-22 Close Describe the ways new technology changed open-range ranching.

34. End of Section 1

37. Section 2-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Science and Technology The need for new farming techniques in the West led to several technological innovations.

38. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

41. Section 2-7 What is the geography of the Great Plains? The Great Plains region extends westward to the Rocky Mountains from around the 100th meridian–an imaginary line running north and south from the central Dakotas through western Texas. Rainfall averages less than 20 inches per year. Trees only grow naturally along rivers and streams and on hilltops. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Geography of the Plains (cont.) (pages 292–293)

44. Section 2-10 How did the railroads and the federal government help settle the Great Plains? Railroads provided easy access to the Great Plains. Railroad companies sold land along the rail lines at low prices and provided credit. The federal government passed the Homestead Act in 1862. For $10, a settler could file for a homestead. The homesteader could get up to 160 acres of public land and could receive title of it after living there five years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Beginnings of Settlement (cont.) (page 293)

51. Section 2-17 Why did much of the Great Plains region become the Wheat Belt? Wheat withstood drought better than other crops, so it became the most important crop on the Great Plains. Wheat farmers from Minnesota and other Midwestern states moved to the Great Plains in large numbers to take advantage of the inexpensive land and the new farming technology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Wheat Belt (cont.) (pages 294–295)

54. Section 2-19 Why was the Census Bureau’s report of 1890 disturbing to some people? The news that the frontier was closing concerned those who believed that the frontier offered a place for Americans to make a fresh start. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Closing the Frontier (cont.) (page 295)

55. Section 2-20 Checking for Understanding __ 1. method of acquiring a piece of U.S. public land by living on and cultivating it __ 2. a name given to Great Plains farmers __ 3. a large, highly-profitable wheat farm __ 4. a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in the ground where there is some moisture A. homestead B. dry farming C. sodbuster D. bonanza farm Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C D A B

56. Section 2-21 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explain why the Great Plains was not suitable for homesteading. Geography and climate made the Great Plains not suitable for homesteading.

57. Section 2-22 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Science and Technology How did the need for new farming techniques on the Great Plains result in technological innovations in agriculture? Mechanical reapers, binders, and threshing machines were all created to help farmers harvest large tracts of farmland quickly.

58. Section 2-23 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing What factors contributed to the making of the Wheat Belt in the Great Plains and then to troubled times for wheat farmers in the 1890s? The Homestead Act and new farming techniques and equipment helped develop the Wheat Belt. Good harvests and world competition caused a glut that caused prices to drop.

59. Section 2-24 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Photographs Study the photograph of farmers using binding machines in western Wisconsin on page 293 of your textbook. Based on the terrain and the type of work they needed to do, what other types of technology would have helped farmers on the Plains? Possible answer: Windmills would have helped by supplying power and irrigation.

60. Section 2-25 Close Study commercial farming in the Plains.

61. End of Section 2

64. Section 3-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Individual Action Some Native American groups fought the federal government in an attempt to keep their ancestral homelands.

65. Section 3-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

68. Section 3-7 What was the culture of the Great Plains Indians? Some Native Americans of the Great Plains lived in communities and farmed and hunted. Most Native Americans of the Great Plains were nomads who followed herds of buffalo. Native American groups lived in extended family networks and had a close relationship with nature. They were divided into bands with a governing council. They practiced a religion based on a belief in the spiritual power of the natural world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Culture of the Plains Indians (cont.) (pages 297–298)

75. Section 3-14 What events led to the formation of the Indian Peace Commission? Fetterman’s Massacre, the Sand Creek Massacre, and several other conflicts between Native Americans of the Plains and white settlers and the U.S. army convinced Congress to create the Indian Peace Commission. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Cultures Under Pressure (cont.) (pages 298–300)

81. Section 3-20 Why did many Native Americans leave their reservations? They preferred hunting buffalo on the open Plains, so they joined others who had left the reservations. Many Native Americans saw no reason to abide by treaties that were violated by the whites. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Last Native American Wars (cont.) (pages 301–302)

85. Section 3-24 Why was the idea of assimilation of the Native Americans a failure? Few Native Americans had the training or enthusiasm for farming or ranching. They found the allotments too small to be profitable. Few Native Americans were willing or able to adopt the American settlers’ lifestyles in place of their own culture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Assimilation (cont.) (page 302)

86. Section 3-25 Checking for Understanding __ 1. a person who moves from place to place, usually in search of food or grazing land __ 2. to absorb a group into the culture of a larger population __ 3. a plot of land assigned to an individual or family for cultivation __ 4. money paid by contract on regular intervals A. nomad B. annuity C. assimilate D. allotment Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C D A B

87. Section 3-26 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyze how Native Americans responded to land lost due to white settlement of the Great Plains. Native Americans attacked wagon trains and ranches, and they killed settlers and soldiers.

88. Section 3-27 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Individual Action How did Chief Joseph resist the government’s attempts to move the Nez Perce to reservations? Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce fled 1,300 miles before surrendering.

89. Section 3-28 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Why do you think the government’s policy of assimilation of Native Americans was a failure? After the buffalo herds were wiped out, Native Americans were unwilling or unable to live like American settlers.

90. Section 3-29 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Maps Examine the map of battle sites and reservations on page 300 of your textbook. Then, from the point of view of a historian, explain the actions taken against Native Americans within the historical context of the time. Answers will vary.

91. Section 3-30 Close Summarize problems caused by attempts to assimilate Native Americans.

92. End of Section 3

93. Chapter Summary 1

94. End of Chapter Summary

95. Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. money paid by contract on regular intervals __ 2. method of extracting minerals involving digging beneath the surface __ 3. a stray calf with no identifying symbol __ 4. to absorb a group into the culture of a larger population __ 5. a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in the ground where there is some moisture A. placer mining B. quartz mining C. open range D. maverick E. dry farming F. sodbuster G. bonanza farm H. annuity I. assimilate J. allotment B D H I E

96. Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 6. a name given to Great Plains farmers __ 7. method of extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools, like picks, shovels, and pans __ 8. a large, highly-profitable wheat farm __ 9. a plot of land assigned to an individual family for cultivation __ 10. vast areas of grassland owned by the federal government A G F J C A. placer mining B. quartz mining C. open range D. maverick E. dry farming F. sodbuster G. bonanza farm H. annuity I. assimilate J. allotment

97. Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts What led to the start of boomtowns, and what caused their decline? The discovery of copper, gold, or silver led to the start of boomtowns. When a lode played out, mines closed and the towns’ economies collapsed.

98. Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What new invention finally brought an end to the open range on the Great Plains? Barbed wire brought an end to the open range.

99. Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How did the railroads boost the settlement of the West? Railroad companies sold land along rail lines at low prices, provided credit to prospective settlers, and advertised the benefits of booking passage to the Plains.

100. Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why was wheat a suitable crop to grow on the Great Plains? Wheat could be cultivated using dry farming.

101. Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What events brought the way of life of the Plains Indians to an end? White settlers moving west, railroad construction, the widespread slaughter of buffalo, and wars brought the Plains Indians’ way of life to an end.

102. Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Economic Factors Do you think that people moved to and settled in the West primarily for economic reasons? Why or why not? Many did move for the hope of riches; others for adventure, freedom, or a fresh start.

103. Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Drawing Conclusions Why do you think that so many people were willing to give up their homes and move to mining towns and homesteads in the West? Many settlers thought that they could prosper in the West.

104. Chapter Assessment 10 Geography and History The graph below shows Native American population from1850 to 1900. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides.

105. Chapter Assessment 11 Interpreting Graphs What does the graph indicate about Native American populations between 1850 and 1900? The populations declined steadily. Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

106. Chapter Assessment 12 Geography and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Understanding Cause and Effect What factor caused the Native American populations to decline sharply between 1880 and 1890? Native Americans suffered high casualty rates in conflicts with white settlers.

107. Chapter Assessment 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question. Which of the following factors provided an incentive for people to try to farm the Great Plains? A Long cattle drives B Barbed wire C The Homestead Act D Placer mining Test-Taking Tip When you are not sure of an answer, it can be helpful to use the process of elimination. Eliminate the answers that you know are incorrect. For instance, long cattle drives had to do with ranching, not farming. Therefore, you can eliminate answer A.

108. Chapter Assessment 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did dry farming damage the ecology of the prairie? Dry farming contributed to soil erosion and massive dust storms.

109. End of Chapter Assessment

110. CC 1-1 Language Arts Hamlin Garland vividly recorded the hard life of the Plains farmers. In books such as Main-Travelled Roads (1891) and A Son of the Middle Border (1917), Garland told “a tale of toil that’s never done.” Although his stories included many moments of joy, such as harvest time, and of great beauty, such as the arrival of spring, Garland refused to paint life on the Plains as always perfect. “I will not lie,” he wrote. “A proper portion of the sweat, flies, heat, dirt, and drudgery shall go in.”

111. Moment in History 3 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

112. You Don’t Say 1-1 When ranchers and farmers settled the Southwest, they displaced many of the Mexican Americans who had lived there for generations. Land Acts passed by Congress required these earlier settlers to provide detailed legal proof. However, most titles were either not specific, were recorded in Mexico, or became lost.

113. Fact/F/F 3-1 Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Many Americans who never set foot on the Great Plains enjoyed a make-believe excursion there through a Wild West show. Various promoters staged these popular extravaganzas, but the most famous was Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. Members of the cast performed a mock buffalo hunt with real buffalo, and they reenacted Custer’s defeat at the Little Bighorn. Among the stars of the show was Annie Oakley, a sharpshooter from Ohio who appeared in Western outfit and dazzled both the audience and her fellow performers. Annie Get Your Gun, a musical interpretation of Annie Oakley’s exploits, opened on Broadway in 1946 with Ethel Merman starring as Oakley. Irving Berlin wrote the music and lyrics based on the book written by Herbert and Dorothy Fields. The musical had a long run on Broadway, was made into a movie, and is a favorite for school and community productions. Perhaps the most recognizable songs from the show are “Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)” and “There’s No Business Like Show Business.”

114. SS Skill Builder 1 Interpreting Statistics Often presented in graphs and tables, statistics are collections of data that are used to support a claim or an opinion. The ability to interpret statistics allows us to understand probable effects and to make predictions. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

118. SS Skill Builder 5 Practicing the Skill Study the table below and answer the questions on the following slide. Interpreting Statistics

119. SS Skill Builder 6 1. What claim does this set of statistics seem to support? 2. Is there a correlation between miles of railroad tracks and the Native American population? Is the correlation positive or negative? Explain. As the number of miles of track increased, the Native American population declined. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. You may see a negative correlation, but other data would be needed to support the conclusion that an increase in railroad track caused a reduction in Native American population. Interpreting Statistics Practicing the Skill (cont.)

120. M/C 1-1

121. M/C 3-1

122. Technology and History 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

123. Why It Matters Transparency

124. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

125. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

126. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

127. GO 1

128. GO 2

129. GO 3

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